Abstract:Directors' remuneration is a key issue for both academics and policymakers. It has caused enormous controversy in recent years. This study uses a comprehensive index to analyse the disclosure of directors' remuneration in Italian and UK listed firms. It finds that the level of voluntary disclosure is significantly associated with firm-specific incentives, such as the demand for information from investors and the need for legitimacy. It finds that the level of voluntary disclosure is significantly higher in the UK than in Italy and that firm-specific incentives to disclose voluntary information differ according to the institutional setting in which a firm operates. In the UK, firm-specific incentives mostly come from the demand for information, estimated with the level of ownership diffusion, and the need for legitimacy generated by poor market performance and shareholders' dissent. In Italy, firm-specific incentives seem to be represented by the need for legitimacy generated by media coverage. This study also provides evidence that, in both countries, the information disclosed in corporate documents does not allow readers to obtain a comprehensive picture of directors' remuneration. Bonuses are poorly disclosed even though they are a key element of directors' remuneration. This finding is clearly important for policymakers at European and national level.Keywords: agency theory, directors' remuneration, disclosure, legitimacy theory. 2
IntroductionDirectors' remuneration aims to align the interests of directors with those of shareholders, thereby reducing agency problems (Jensen & Meckling, 1l976). However, directors' remuneration, of itself, could give rise to agency problems (Bebchuk et al., 2002). This is one of the key areas where directors may have a conflict of interest and where due account should be taken of the interests of shareholders (EU Commission, 2004). Controversy surrounding directors' remuneration reflects the perception that payments have been excessive and that the lack of timely and adequate disclosure has resulted in increased information asymmetry and rent-extraction (Bebchuk et al., 2002, Jensen et al., 2004. The demand for public disclosure arises from information asymmetry and agency conflicts between directors and outside investors (Healy & Palepu, 2001). Disclosure on directors' remuneration would help to resolve such problems. It can reduce information asymmetry on complex remuneration arrangements that can be an important mechanism to transfer wealth from shareholders to directors (Bebchuk et al., 2002;Laksmana, 2008; Nelson et al., 2010). Moreover, directors' remuneration has been blamed for playing a central role in many international corporate scandals, as well as having been a key factor that contributed to the global financial crisis (e.g., Bebchuk & Fried, 2005). Consequently, regulators have been concerned that directors should be accountable to shareholders by disclosing their remuneration policies. In particular, the EU Commission (2004;) has issued two non-binding ...