Sb₂S₃ Nanoparticles Anchored or Encapsulated by the Sulfur-Doped Carbon Sheet for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Abstract

The specific capacitance and energy density of antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3)@carbon supercapacitors (SCs) have been limited and are in need of significant improvement. In this work, Sb2S3 nanoparticles were selectively encapsulated or anchored in a sulfur-doped carbon (S-carbon) sheet depending on the use of microwave-assisted synthesis. The microwave-triggered Sb2S3 nanoparticle growth resulted in core–shell hierarchical spherical particles of uniform diameter assembled with Sb2S3 as the core and an encapsulated S-carbon layer as the shell (Sb2S3-M@S-C). Without the microwave mediation, the other nanostructure was found to comprise fine Sb2S3 nanoparticles widely anchored in the S-carbon sheet (Sb2S3-P@S-C). Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the presence of encapsulated and anchored Sb2S3 nanoparticles in the carbon. These two materials exhibited higher specific capacitance values of 1179 (0 to +1.0 V) and 1380 F·g–1 (−0.8 to 0 V) at a current density of 1 A·g–1, respectively, than those previously reported for Sb2S3 nanomaterials in considerable SCs. Furthermore, both materials exhibited outstanding reversible capacitance and cycle stability when used as SC electrodes while retaining over 98% of the capacitance after 10 000 cycles, which indicates their long-term stability. Furthermore, a hybrid Sb2S3-M@S-C/Sb2S3-P@S-C device was designed, which delivers a remarkable energy density of 49 W·h·kg–1 at a power density of 2.5 kW·kg–1 with long-term cycle stability (94% over 10 000 cycles) and is comparable to SCs in the recent literature. Finally, a light-emitting diode (LED) panel comprising 32 LEDs was powered using three pencil-type hybrid SCs in series.

Preparation of Sulfur‐doped Carbon for Supercapacitor Applications: A Review

“…al. [128] demon-strated a cycling stability test of the S-doped carbon nanosheets-based SC device over 10000 GCD cycles at 10 A g À 1 current density, as displayed in Figure 11c. After 10000 GCD cycles, the SC preserved around 94 % of capacitance retention and maintained around 95 % coulombic efficiency, exhibiting excellent cycle stability.…”

“…Sahoo et. al [128] . demonstrated a cycling stability test of the S‐doped carbon nanosheets‐based SC device over 10000 GCD cycles at 10 A g −1 current density, as displayed in Figure 11c.…”

“…al. [128] fabricated a composite of antimony trisulfide (Sb 2 S 3 ) nanoparticles anchored in S-doped carbon Sb 2 S 3 À P@SÀ C and Sb 2 S 3 nanoparticles encapsulated in S-doped carbon Sb 2 S 3 À M@SÀ C (Figure 9). Sb 2 S 3 À P@SÀ C was obtained by simple thermal annealing of precursor solutions, whereas Sb 2 S 3 À M@SÀ C was obtained by microwave pretreatment followed by thermal annealing of the required precursor solution.…”

“…Sb 2 S 3 nanoparticles were selectively encapsulated or anchored in an S-doped carbon layer using microwave-assisted synthesis to enhance SC performance. [128] The core-shell hierarchical spherical particles of uniform diameter, assembled with Sb 2 S 3 as the core and an encapsulated S-doped carbon layer as the shell (Sb 2 S 3 À M@SÀ C), resulted from microwave-triggered Sb 2 S 3 nanoparticle growth. The other nanostructure was discovered to be fine Sb 2 S 3 nanoparticles widely anchored in the S-carbon layer (Sb 2 S 3 À P@SÀ C) without microwave mediation.…”

“…Sahoo et. al [128] . fabricated a composite of antimony trisulfide (Sb 2 S 3 ) nanoparticles anchored in S‐doped carbon Sb 2 S 3 −P@S−C and Sb 2 S 3 nanoparticles encapsulated in S‐doped carbon Sb 2 S 3 −M@S−C (Figure 9).…”