Scalable Asymmetric Supercapacitors Based on Hybrid Organic/Biopolymer Electrodes

Abstract

lately. Supercapacitor devices allow a considerable amount of stored electric energy to be delivered rapidly, giving rise to high power capability in conjunction with long cycling life and high reversibility. [4][5][6][7] Nevertheless the demand for higher energy density supercapacitors is increasing, to be used as a storage device for renewable electricity.The development of new materials that improve the efficiency of energy conversion and storage is essential for a sustainable future. [8][9][10] These materials should be renewable, biodegradable, and have low cost. [11] Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth, and complies with these characteristics. It is the largest natural source of quinone-aromatics chemical groups that can be employed to store and deliver charges by reversible Faradaic reactions. [12,13] However, the insulating nature of lignin limits the access to these functional redox groups. Therefore, it is necessary to form hybrids with other conductive materials such as conducting polymers [14] or carbon derivatives. [15][16][17] In order to harness the potential of conducting polymers as supercapacitor electrode materials, it is critical to improve their poor long-term stability and to increase their specific capacitance and energy density by fully utilizing the pseudo-capacitive redox processes. [18][19][20] In our previous work, we have constructed electrodes with hybrid materials based on electronic polymers and lignin derivatives. We found that the best combination was poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT/lignin with a specific capacitance of 170 F g −1 . [21] We further investigated the interpenetrating network of poly(aminoanthraquinone) (PAAQ) and PEDOT with increased specific capacitance up to 383 F g −1 . [22] The development of hybrid electrode materials formed by electroactive and conducting components enable supercapacitor devices with intrinsic high specific power and improved energy density. These devices are described as symmetric SCs (SSCs) when both electrodes are identical, and asymmetric SCs (ASCs) when the material compositions of the positive and negative electrodes are different. The optimal performance is expected for asymmetric supercapacitors, because it may be possible to extend the operating voltage window of the cell, and its energy density thus becomes greater than that of the symmetric cells, as a consequence of electrodes operating reversibly in different potential ranges. [19,[23][24][25] A trihybrid bioelectrode composed of lignin, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and poly(aminoanthraquinone) (PAAQ) is prepared by a two-step galvanostatic electropolymerization, and characterized for supercapacitor applications. Using PEDOT/Lignin as a base layer, followed by the consecutive deposition of PAAQ, the hybrid electrode PEDOT/Lignin/PAAQ shows a high specific capacitance of 418 F g −1 with small self-discharge. This trihybrid electrode material can be assembled into symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors. The asymmetric supercapacitor uses PED...

Bio Based Batteries

“…Much of this work has been reviewed. [32] Formation of anodes and cathodes from quinones from lignosulfonate and anthraquinones led to the desired asymmetric supercapacitors in aqueous electrolyte, [33] where a proton is shuffled between the two electrodes upon charging and discharging. To demonstrate the relevance of this aqueous redox supercapacitor, simulated solar current charging profiles from organic photovoltaic modules were used to verify that charge storage over a solar day could be performed.…”

Sustainable Battery Materials from Biomass

“…First reported by Milczarek and Inganäs, such electrodes have been summarized in several reviews recently . In particular, combinations with conductive polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, or poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) have been described. Addition of polysaccharides for stability and binder purposes resulted in particularly sustainable electrodes .…”

Micellization of a starch–poly(1,4-butylene succinate) nano-hybrid for enhanced energy storage

“…In contrast to our work, one of the earliest reported work on use of un-carbonized biopolymers, where Jiao and his team fabricated un-carbonized cellulose nano- 56 and a PEDOT lignin poly(aminoanthraquinone) composite (maximum C sp of 418 F g À1 ). 57 Resistance, charge transport and frequency response of the ST-PBS micelles were investigated using EIS. Properties like solution resistance (R s ), charge transfer resistance (R ct ), and Warburg impedance (W) were obtained from Nyquist plots of the micelles (Fig.…”