“…Decision trees have been extensively researched in the literature, with many applications focusing on classification tasks such as intrusion detection, privacy preservation, power systems, bank marketing, health care and disease diagnosis, and agriculture [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Additionally, researchers have investigated regression models based on decision trees, which are typically referred to as regression trees, in fields like psychology, education, urban planning, environmental management, genetics, communication, and economics [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”