2012
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201601
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Scalable Fabrication of Silicon Nanotubes and their Application to Energy Storage

Abstract: The facile synthesis of silicon nanotubes using a surface sol-gel reaction on pyridine nanowire templates is reported and their performance for energy storage is investigated. Organic-inorganic hybrid pyridine/silica core-shell nanowires prepared using surface sol-gel reaction were converted to silica nanotubes by pyrolysis in air; this was followed by the reduction to silicon nanotubes via magnesiothermic reaction. The electrochemical activity of the obtained silicon nanotubes showed excellent cycle stability… Show more

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Cited by 352 publications
(228 citation statements)
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“…However, the commercialization of silicon anodes has been limited by factors that include the following: (a) the relatively large amounts of conduction additives required to ensure good interparticle electric conductivity because of silicon's semi-conducting nature; (b) the large volume expansion/contraction resulting from silicon lithiation/delithiation processes leading to excessive cracking and delamination from the current collector; (c) the development of binder-systems that can maintain cohesion between the coating components and adhesion to the current collector during electrochemical cycling; (d) the excessive solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on the electrodes that irreversibly trap lithium leading to rapid capacity fade. 1 In order to improve the performance of silicon-based negative electrodes, researchers have developed various strategies that include the following: (a) nanosizing the silicon particles, whereby the spaces between the particles can accommodate the volume expansion of individual particles; the use of nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes have been shown to significantly improve cyclability; [5][6][7] (b) using non-traditional binders including water soluble polymers, such as polyacrylic acid (PAA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and alginates to improve mechanical integrity of the electrodes; 8,9 novel polymers that allow electronic conduction while maintaining electrode integrity during cell operation have also been described; 10 (c) improving electronic conductivity through use of carbon coatings applied by techniques such as physical/chemical vapor deposition and graphene wrapping; 11,12 (d) developing composite electrodes containing silicon and carbon constituents that limit electrode expansion during cycling. 13,14 These approaches are among the many strategies being actively pursued at Argonne National Laboratory as part of the U.S. DOE's Applied Battery Research (ABR) for Transportation program.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the commercialization of silicon anodes has been limited by factors that include the following: (a) the relatively large amounts of conduction additives required to ensure good interparticle electric conductivity because of silicon's semi-conducting nature; (b) the large volume expansion/contraction resulting from silicon lithiation/delithiation processes leading to excessive cracking and delamination from the current collector; (c) the development of binder-systems that can maintain cohesion between the coating components and adhesion to the current collector during electrochemical cycling; (d) the excessive solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on the electrodes that irreversibly trap lithium leading to rapid capacity fade. 1 In order to improve the performance of silicon-based negative electrodes, researchers have developed various strategies that include the following: (a) nanosizing the silicon particles, whereby the spaces between the particles can accommodate the volume expansion of individual particles; the use of nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes have been shown to significantly improve cyclability; [5][6][7] (b) using non-traditional binders including water soluble polymers, such as polyacrylic acid (PAA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and alginates to improve mechanical integrity of the electrodes; 8,9 novel polymers that allow electronic conduction while maintaining electrode integrity during cell operation have also been described; 10 (c) improving electronic conductivity through use of carbon coatings applied by techniques such as physical/chemical vapor deposition and graphene wrapping; 11,12 (d) developing composite electrodes containing silicon and carbon constituents that limit electrode expansion during cycling. 13,14 These approaches are among the many strategies being actively pursued at Argonne National Laboratory as part of the U.S. DOE's Applied Battery Research (ABR) for Transportation program.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The fading of capacity is attributed to the formation of a SEI (solid electrolyte interface) layer and the structural evolution during the initial charging/discharging cycles of silicon nanomaterials. In the literature, specific capacities of LIBs made of SiNTs are usually found in a range between 600 mAh/g and 1400 mAh/g depending on different process methods and morphologies [1,14,21]. Taking into account the simple etching process adopted in this study, the results of these SiNT LIBs are reasonable and acceptable.…”
Section: Morphology and Electrical Performance Of Sintsmentioning
confidence: 69%
“…Finally, after the magnesium reduction and graphitic carbon coating, the silicon nanotube covered by carbon shell would be ready for further tests. In electrochemical tests, the obtained structure showed stable performance compared with commercial silicon nanoparticle anodes: an initial capacity of 1900 mAh/g at 400 mA/g and a Coulombic efficiency of ∼98% [78]. This work proposed a comparably scalable and low-cost synthesis method compared with former template assisted approaches, which can make a step forward to the larger scale production of silicon nanotubes.…”
Section: Template Assisted Synthesis Of Silicon Nanotubesmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…Silicon Nanotubes. Silicon nanotubes are another exciting structure of silicon which has been applied and tested in various fields including lithium secondary cells and other nanoelectrochemical devices [77][78][79][80]. In LIBs study, silicon nanotube has drawn a lot of attention due to its unique hollow structure which could provide both inner and outer space for silicon to expand during cycling, minimizing the cracks and damage to the anode.…”
Section: Synthesis and Application Of Siliconmentioning
confidence: 99%
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