Scalable Production of Ambient Stable Hybrid Bismuth‐Based Materials: AACVD of Phenethylammonium Bismuth Iodide Films**

Abstract

Large homogeneous and adherent coatings of phenethylammonium bismuth iodide were produced using the cost-effective and scalable aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) methodology. The film morphology was found to depend on the deposition conditions and substrates, resulting in different optical properties to those reported from their spin-coated counterparts. Optoelectronic characterization revealed band bending effects occurring between the hybrid material and semiconducting substrates (TiO 2 and FTO) due to heterojunction formation, and the optical bandgap of the hybrid material was calculated from UV-visible and PL spectrometry to be 2.05 eV. Maximum values for hydrophobicity and crystallographic preferential orientation were observed for films deposited on FTO/glass substrates, closely followed by values from films deposited on TiO 2 /glass substrates.

Investigating the Effect of Steric Hindrance within CdS Single-Source Precursors on the Material Properties of AACVD and Spin-Coat-Deposited CdS Thin Films

“…Aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) is a technique that has become increasingly investigated as a scalable alternative to other chemical vapor deposition methods. 46 − 48 Here, we also investigated spin coating as a deposition technique for thin-film preparation. 49 Using these two techniques on all four precursors, eight films were prepared (all shown in Figure S6 ).…”

“…As the aim of this report was to assess the characteristics of the deposited CdS based on the input precursor, two different deposition techniques were used, with the same deposition conditions for both (250 °C for 1 h under an Ar atmosphere). Aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) is a technique that has become increasingly investigated as a scalable alternative to other chemical vapor deposition methods. − Here, we also investigated spin coating as a deposition technique for thin-film preparation . Using these two techniques on all four precursors, eight films were prepared (all shown in Figure S6).…”

Film Fabrication of Perovskites and their Derivatives for Photovoltaic Applications via Chemical Vapor Deposition

“…In fact, solutions could also be utilized in CVD, such as with aerosol-assisted CVD (AACVD). As an emerging method with a large potential in industrial applications, AACVD has been widely used in the thin-film deposition of traditional functional materials, such as transparent conducting oxides and superhydrophobic materials. , Recently, semiconductor films of perovskites, bournonites, and their derivatives deposited via AACVD have also been investigated as the absorber layer in solar cells. ,− AACVD combines the benefits of solution- and vapor-based deposition. There are basically two kinds of AACVD setups, including hot-wall and cold-wall reactor (Figure ).…”

“…Afterward, the versatility of AACVD was further proved with various perovskites and related materials synthesized, such as FAPbI 3 , Cs 2 SnI 6 , and phenethylammonium bismuth iodide (PEA 3 Bi 2 I 9 ). ,,, In the case of PEA 3 Bi 2 I 9 , three kinds of materials (glass, TiO 2 , and FTO) were used as substrates to study their effects on the morphology and optoelectrical properties of the films . It was shown in the SEM images that more compact, uniform, and crystallized films were deposited on TiO 2 and FTO, demonstrating a positive effect of crystalline substrates on the film growth (Figure ).…”

“…Magnification for all images is × 1000 and scale bar represents 10 μm. Reproduced from ref . Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.…”