Scalable Production of Molybdenum Disulfide Based Biosensors

Abstract

We demonstrate arrays of opioid biosensors based on chemical vapor deposition grown molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field effect transistors (FETs) coupled to a computationally redesigned, water-soluble variant of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). By transferring dense films of monolayer MoS2 crystals onto prefabricated electrode arrays, we obtain high-quality FETs with clean surfaces that allow for reproducible protein attachment. The fabrication yield of MoS2 FETs and biosensors exceeds 95%, with an average mobility of 2.0 cm2 V−1 s−1 (36 cm2 V−1 s−1) at room temperature under ambient (in vacuo). An atomic length nickel-mediated linker chemistry enables target binding events that occur very close to the MoS2 surface to maximize sensitivity. The biosensor response calibration curve for a synthetic opioid peptide known to bind to the wild-type MOR indicates binding affinity that matches values determined using traditional techniques and a limit of detection ~3 nM (1.5 ng/mL). The combination of scalable array fabrication and rapid, precise binding readout enabled by the MoS2 transistor offers the prospect of a solid-state drug testing platform for rapid readout of the interactions between novel drugs and their intended protein targets.

Impedance Biosensing atop MoS2 Thin Films with Mo−S Bond Formation to Antibody Fragments Created by Disulphide Bond Reduction

“…The majority of methods reported for biomolecule immobilization onto MoS 2 involve physisorption , which suffers from problems with stability and leaching of immobilized species during sensor storage and use. Only a few studies report covalent immobilization of biomolecules atop MoS 2 . These include reports of Ni 2+ adsorption followed by protein binding through a polyhistidine tag , direct binding of carboxylate groups to MoS 2 followed by amide bond formation to proteins , and bond formation between a thiol group on the biomolecule and MoS 2 , as reported here.…”

“…Only a few studies report covalent immobilization of biomolecules atop MoS 2 . These include reports of Ni 2+ adsorption followed by protein binding through a polyhistidine tag , direct binding of carboxylate groups to MoS 2 followed by amide bond formation to proteins , and bond formation between a thiol group on the biomolecule and MoS 2 , as reported here. All studies of covalent bond formation between MoS 2 and biomolecules involve nanosheets of MoS 2 that are subsequently attached to another substrate material .…”

“…However, most studies report biomolecular physisorption atop MoS 2 . Only a few studies report chemisorption atop MoS 2 , and these studies utilize nanosheets of MoS 2 that are subsequently attached to another substrate material . Here we report alternative methods for biomolecular chemisorption atop electrodeposited MoS 2 thin films that can be used directly for biosensing.…”

Novel Graphene Biosensor Based on the Functionalization of Multifunctional Nano-bovine Serum Albumin for the Highly Sensitive Detection of Cancer Biomarkers

“…Interfacing biomolecules with channel sensing materials is a critical challenge to fabricate high-performance and inexpensive FET biosensors [22,23]. In particular, the emergence of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene [24][25][26], molybdenum disulfide [27,28], and black phosphorus [29], offers new powerful diagnostic tools for in vitro diagnosis and biomedical science applications. Graphene and graphene derivatives have been widely used in protein biomarker detection because of their tunable optical properties, high specific surface area, good biocompatibility, and easy functionalization [30][31][32][33][34].…”

Chemical Vapor Transport Deposition of Molybdenum Disulfide Layers Using H2O Vapor as the Transport Agent

“…Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) layers, having unique optical and electrical properties, have attracted extensive interest in the fields of energy generation, electronics, and sensors [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The growth of large-scale, high-quality MoS 2 layers targeted for silicon integrated device fabrication is still challenging.…”