The reasonable resource scheduling under the cloud computing environment has become the current research focus. Based on the disadvantages of the traditional particle swarm optimization, this paper introduces a membrane computing theory, and proposes a particle swarm optimization based on the membrane computing (PSO-MC). The paper first analyzes the problems of cloud resource scheduling, takes the membrane system as a framework, conducts the particle's local optimization for intramembrane and the particle swarm's global search and optimization for intermembrane, finds the optimal solution of cloud resource scheduling, and finally performs the algorithm simulation experiment via the CloudSim platform. According to the simulation experiment, the PSO-MC algorithm could reduce the average time to complete the task, improve the efficiency of task processing, and enable the cloud computing resource scheduling to be more reasonable.