Scalable Synthesis of Hide Substance–Chitosan–Hydroxyapatite: Novel Biocomposite from Industrial Wastes and Its Efficiency in Dye Removal

Abstract

A novel porous polymer–inorganic hybrid biocomposite with various functional groups (hide substance/chitosan/hydroxyapatite) has been synthesized in simple, economic, and scalable process utilizing leather industry solid waste and seafood industry waste composed with hydroxyapatite. Physicochemical characterization of the material reveals formation of composites with homogenous distribution of the constituents in the material matrix. The composite is hard and porous (with 0.1632 cm 3 /g slit-shaped mesopores and micropores) having particle sizes 40–80 μm and a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 55.54 m 2 /g. The material is polycrystalline in nature with a fair amount of amorphous substance and less hydrophilic in character than constituent polymers. The dye removal efficiency of the material has been tested with two model dyes, namely, methylene blue (MB) (cationic/basic dye) and sunset yellow (SY) (anionic/acid dye). Optimum adsorptions of 3.8 mg MB (pH 12, RT ≈ 27 °C) and 168 mg of SY (pH 3, RT ≈ 27 °C) have been found per gram of the composite material. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order rate models have been found to be the best-fit models to explain the equilibrium isotherm and kinetics of the adsorption process for both the dyes. However, higher and faster adsorption of SY in comparison with MB indicated higher binding efficiency of the material toward the acidic dye. Desorption of dyes from the dye-adsorbed material was studied using a suitable eluent of appropriate pH and recycling for five times showed without loss of efficiency. The prepared composite showed very high dye removal efficiency toward four different commercially used dyes (496 mg/g of Orange-NR, 477 mg/g of Red-VLN, 488 mg/g of Blue-113 dye, and 274 mg/g of Green-PbS dye) from their individual and cocktail solutions. It was also efficient to decolorize dye-bearing tannery exhaust bath. Hence, waste materials generated during industrial processes could be efficiently used for the decontamination of colored wastewater produced by various industries.

In Situ Attachment of Acrylamido Sulfonic Acid-Based Monomer in Terpolymer Hydrogel Optimized by Response Surface Methodology for Individual and/or Simultaneous Removal(s) of M(III) and Cationic Dyes

“…The activation energies ( E a ) of adsorption, calculated using the Arrhenius-type equation (eq 12), were 22.58 and 23.08 kJ mol –1 for Bi(III) and Sb(III), respectively, indicating the prevalence of chemisorption. 49,50 The spontaneity of the chemisorption was inferred from −Δ G 0 equation (eq 13) for all M(III).Here, distribution coefficient ( k d ) is defined as the ratio of M(III) concentrations in solid to liquid phases at equilibrium (eq 14). …”

Structures, Properties, and Performances—Relationships of Polymeric Membranes for Pervaporative Desalination

“…Similarly, crosslinking of O–H of PVA with MA in composite PVA membranes supported on PVS-based hollow fibers was realized from the loss of PVA-specific free O–H and –COOH of MA [114]. Condensation of –COOH of PMDA crosslinker and O–H of PVA in preparing the PVA-PAN composite membrane was detected from the continuous loss of intensity for O–H specific broad peak centered at 3320 cm −1 [178,179,180,181,182,183], along with the consequent gain in C=O and –C–O–C– peaks of aromatic ester at 1750 and 1275 cm −1 , respectively [127].…”

Amino hydroxyapatite/chitosan hybrids reticulated with glutaraldehyde at different pH values and their use for diclofenac removal

“…CS also interacts with inorganic matrices, resulting in composites with improved properties such as enhanced chemical stability (Chatterjee et al, 2018). Among inorganic matrices, calcium phosphates, such as hydroxyapatite, have been applied as good candidates to form new hybrids for environmental applications (Shi, Lv, Wu, & Hou, 2017).…”

“…Furthermore, like HA, CS is also biocompatible, easily manufactured and also presents possibility to alter its physical texture for use as beads, films and powders that are interesting properties for many applications, including adsorption. The combination of CS with other substrates at the molecular level can improve its use in environmental remediation (Chatterjee et al, 2018;Vakili et al, 2014).…”