Scale Modeling of Quasi-Steady Wood Crib Fires in Enclosures

Croce, Paul A.; Xin, Yibing

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8682-3_10

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Ying Zhen Li, Tommy Hertzberg Scaling of incident heat flux 6. 4 Scaling of internal wall temperature 6.5…”

Section: Scaling Of Internal Wall Temperatures In Enclosure Firesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perricone et al [3] investigated the thermal response of steel tube covered by insulating materials, however, the scaling laws used for the thick insulating materials could be questioned. Cross and Xin [4] examined the scaling of wood crib fires and found good agreement between the different scales. Scaling of water-based fire suppression systems has also been conducted in open and enclosure fires.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Scaling of internal wall temperatures in enclosure fires

Hertzberg

2014

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Scaling of internal wall temperatures in enclosure fires The scaling of enclosure fires, including internal wall temperatures and heat fluxes, are thoroughly analyzed and a method of scaling internal wall temperatures is proposed. Two series of room fires were tested in three different scales, i.e. full scale (1:1), medium scale (1:2) and small scale (1:3.5), according to the theory. The fire source was either placed at the center or in the corner of the enclosures. The measured internal wall temperatures, incident heat fluxes, gas temperatures, gas velocities and gas concentrations in different scales are compared and analyzed. The results show that the proposed scaling method is able to scale the internal wall temperature very well, especially in medium scale. The incident heat fluxes and gas velocities are also scaled very well. The gas temperatures and gas concentrations are scaled generally relatively well. The calculation of upper layer gas temperatures in the compartment fires are investigated. The results show that both the maximum ceiling excess gas temperatures and average ceiling excess gas temperatures at the upper layer for corner fires are higher than those for center fires, and the ratio is 1.25 for both the maximum and the average ceiling excess gas temperatures. The maximum excess gas temperature normally exists right above the fire and is approximately 19 % higher than the average values for both center fires and corner fires. The widely used MQH equation cannot directly be used to estimate the gas temperatures in compartments covered with insulating materials. A correlation has been proposed to estimate the upper layer gas temperatures in compartments covered by similar insulating materials for both center fires and corner fires. The equation is expected to be valid for gas temperatures below 700 o C or slightly higher, but not over 1000 o C.

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“…Ying Zhen Li, Tommy Hertzberg Scaling of incident heat flux 6. 4 Scaling of internal wall temperature 6.5…”

Section: Scaling Of Internal Wall Temperatures In Enclosure Firesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Scaling of internal wall temperatures in enclosure fires

Hertzberg

2014

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…The wood crib configuration, tunnel ventilation, and tunnel geometry can all affect fire heat release rate. According to the experimental study of wood crib fires in Croce and Xin [16], heat release rate increases with increasing porosity and only becomes a weak function of porosity when porosity is greater than 0.7 mm. The porosity of a wood crib, P, is defined as:…”

Section: Heat Release Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Equation (16), the critical velocity can be easily determined by forcing the dimensionless back-layering length to be zero. Equation 16has a form similar to the correlation proposed in Li et al [21] but with somewhat smaller coefficients.…”

Section: Single-point Extraction Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model scale tunnel fire tests with point extraction ventilation

Ingason¹,

Li²

2011

Journal of Fire Protection Engineering

108

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Experimental results are presented from a series of tests in a model scale tunnel (1 : 23). This study focuses on single and two-point extraction ventilation systems to complement a previous study with the same apparatus using longitudinal ventilation only. The point extraction ventilation system in this test series was operated under different fire loads and flow conditions of either forced longitudinal ventilation or natural ventilation. Wood crib piles were used to simulate the fire source, which was designed to correspond to a 'heavy goods vehicle' fire load at full scale. The parameters varied were the number of wood cribs, the longitudinal ventilation velocity, and the arrangement of the extraction vent openings and their exhaust capacity. Measurement data were obtained for maximum heat release rates, fire growth rates, maximum excess temperatures beneath the ceiling, and heat fluxes. Fire spread between wood cribs with a separation distance corresponding to 15 m at full scale was also investigated. These data are reproduced well by empirical correlations that were established as part of the study. It is concluded that fire and smoke flows upstream and downstream of the fire source can be fully controlled if the ventilation velocities upstream and downstream are above about 2.9 and 3.8 m/s, respectively, at full scale for a single-point extraction ventilation system and greater than about 2.9 m/s on both sides at full scale for a two-point system.

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“…Research on the burning rates of these small wood cribs provides valuable inputs and facilitated the scaling of wood cribs. Cross [31,32] examined the scaling of wood crib fires and found good agreement between different scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling of wood pallet fires

Ingason

2017

Fire Safety Journal

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Scaling of wood pallet fires A method for scaling time-resolved burning behaviours of wood pallet fires has been developed. A series of validation tests was carried out in two different scales and the time-resolved heat release rates were obtained and compared. The results show that the scaling method proposed works very well. In reality, the scaling method proposed can be applied as a general scaling method for pallets and other similar types of fuels, e.g. more general wood pallets and plastic pallets. The method provides a high potential for use of scaling for fire sources.

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Scale Modeling of Quasi-Steady Wood Crib Fires in Enclosures

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Scaling of internal wall temperatures in enclosure fires

Scaling of internal wall temperatures in enclosure fires

Model scale tunnel fire tests with point extraction ventilation

Scaling of wood pallet fires

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