“…At the same time, the CO 2 emissions of these processes should be as low as possible, i.e., they require high efficiency and they should be able to utilize fuels from renewable sources such as biomass and waste-derived fuels. Carbon capture processes such as chemical looping (Ströhle et al, 2014;Ströhle et al, 2015;Ohlemüller et al, 2017;Ohlemüller et al, 2018), calcium looping (Helbig et al, 2017;Hilz et al, 2019;Haaf et al, 2020;Ströhle et al, 2020), or integrated gasification combined cycle (Descamps et al, 2008;Cormos, 2012;Heinze et al, 2018;Heinze et al, 2019) can be used for this purpose, but retrofitting power plants or building new plants is costly and time-consuming.…”