Scaling of swim speed in breath-hold divers

Watanabe, Yuki; Sato, Katsufumi; Watanuki, Yutaka; Takahashi, Akinori; Mitani, Yoko; Amano, Masao; Aoki, Kosuke; Narazaki, Tomoko; Iwata, Tadahisa; Minamikawa, Shingo; Miyazaki, Nobuyuki

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01760.x

Cited by 75 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…). The cruising speeds of fishes were compared with those of other vertebrate swimmers (seabirds, marine mammals, and sea turtles) compiled previously (21) (Fig. 1A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analyses of animal-tracking data reveal ecological significance of endothermy in fishes

Watanabe

Goldman

Caselle

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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115

139

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Despite long evolutionary separations, several sharks and tunas share the ability to maintain slow-twitch, aerobic red muscle (RM) warmer than ambient water. Proximate causes of RM endothermy are well understood, but ultimate causes are unclear. Two advantages often proposed are thermal niche expansion and elevated cruising speeds. The thermal niche hypothesis is generally supported, because fishes with RM endothermy often exhibit greater tolerance to broad temperature ranges. In contrast, whether fishes with RM endothermy cruise faster, and achieve any ecological benefits from doing so, remains unclear. Here, we compiled data recorded by modern animal-tracking tools for a variety of free-swimming marine vertebrates. Using phylogenetically informed allometry, we show that both cruising speeds and maximum annual migration ranges of fishes with RM endothermy are 2-3 times greater than fishes without it, and comparable to nonfish endotherms (i.e., penguins and marine mammals). The estimated cost of transport of fishes with RM endothermy is twice that of fishes without it. We suggest that the high energetic cost of RM endothermy in fishes is offset by the benefit of elevated cruising speeds, which not only increase prey encounter rates, but also enable larger-scale annual migrations and potentially greater access to seasonally available resources. marine predator | swim speed | migration | body temperature I n 1835, the British physician John Davy reported that skipjack tuna have body temperatures 10°C higher than ambient waters and considered this fish an exception to the general rule that fishes are cold-blooded (1). It is currently known that at least 14 species of tuna (family Scombridae) and five species of shark (four species in the family Lamnidae and one species in the family Alopiidae) have the ability to retain metabolic heat via vascular countercurrent heat exchangers, and to maintain the temperature of slow-twitch, aerobic red muscle (hereafter denoted RM) significantly above that of the ambient water (2-7). This "RM endothermy" (see SI Materials and Methods for terminology) in fishes represents a remarkable example of convergent evolution, because bony fishes and cartilaginous fishes diverged as long as 450 million years ago (8). In addition to elevated RM temperature, tunas and endothermic sharks share a number of morphological (e.g., medially located RM), physiological (e.g., high metabolic rates), and ecological (e.g., highly mobile and predatory lifestyle) characteristics (9).RM endothermy is an energetically expensive thermal strategy (9), and its convergent evolution indicates that the extra energetic costs incurred by RM endothermy can be outweighed by some ecological advantages. This topic has been discussed intensively, and two primary, nonmutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed: expansion of the thermal niche and elevated cruising speeds (2). The thermal niche hypothesis states that fishes with RM endothermy can tolerate a broader range of water temperatures and, thus, can expand thei...

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“…). The cruising speeds of fishes were compared with those of other vertebrate swimmers (seabirds, marine mammals, and sea turtles) compiled previously (21) (Fig. 1A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analyses of animal-tracking data reveal ecological significance of endothermy in fishes

Watanabe

Goldman

Caselle

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

115

139

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…By contrast, during ascent, negatively buoyant seals employed active stroking (high ascent strokes-per-metre) more than prolonged gliding (figure 2). Seals appeared to adjust stroking effort depending on buoyancy changes to maintain a narrow range of ascent swim speeds (figure 2; electronic supplementary material, figure S4), which might reflect a swim speed that minimizes swimming costs in the buoyancy-hindered direction [25,45,46].…”

Section: Discussion (A) Buoyancy Determines Locomotor Costs Of Swimmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The foraging benefits of being fat in a highly migratory marine mammal

et al. 2014

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Foraging theory predicts that breath-hold divers adjust the time spent foraging at depth relative to the energetic cost of swimming, which varies with buoyancy (body density). However, the buoyancy of diving animals varies as a function of their body condition, and the effects of these changes on swimming costs and foraging behaviour have been poorly examined. A novel animalborne accelerometer was developed that recorded the number of flipper strokes, which allowed us to monitor the number of strokes per metre swam (hereafter, referred to as strokes-per-metre) by female northern elephant seals over their months-long, oceanic foraging migrations. As negatively buoyant seals increased their fat stores and buoyancy, the strokes-per-metre increased slightly in the buoyancy-aided direction (descending), but decreased significantly in the buoyancy-hindered direction (ascending), with associated changes in swim speed and gliding duration. Overall, the round-trip strokes-per-metre decreased and reached a minimum value when seals achieved neutral buoyancy. Consistent with foraging theory, seals stayed longer at foraging depths when their round-trip strokes-per-metre was less. Therefore, neutrally buoyant divers gained an energetic advantage via reduced swimming costs, which resulted in an increase in time spent foraging at depth, suggesting a foraging benefit of being fat.

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“…Block et al 2011); (2) fundamental to the understanding of movement and behavioural traits (e.g. Sato et al 2007;Sims et al 2008;Watanabe et al 2011); (3) of a comparative nature (e.g. Schreer et al 2001); or (4) illustrative of broadly-applicable methods (e.g.…”

Section: Scientific Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, a number of papers assembled various datasets in order to answer questions related either to various species (e.g. Sims et al 2008;Watanabe et al 2011), areas used by multiple animals (e.g. Block et al 2011) or inter-population differences in behaviour (e.g.…”

Section: Scientific Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in tagging of marine mammals: a review of marine mammal biologging studies

McIntyre¹

2014

African Journal of Marine Science

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science of biologging is somewhat older and is recognised to have started as early as the 1940s, when depth gauges were used on whales and seals (Scholander 1940). After Scholander, the earliest biologging devices used on marine animals are generally recognised to be the maximum-depth recorder (DeVries and Wohlschlag 1964) and time-depth recorders (Kooyman 1965), all of which were deployed on Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii (Evans et al. 2013).Technological advances are increasingly allowing for the miniaturisation of devices, as well as the incorporation of more sophisticated sensors into animal-borne instruments. For example, the use of fast-loc GPS technology (e.g. Dragon et al. 2012a), accelerometers (Naito et al. 2010 and camera systems (e.g. Naito et al. 2013) is allowing more detailed and fine-scale assessments of marine animal movements and behaviour. Furthermore, the addition of various sensors to biologging instruments is contributing increasingly to our understanding of ocean physical properties (Fedak 2013) and how marine mammals adjust their behaviour in relation to them (e.g. McIntyre et al. 2011a;Jaud et al. 2012;Bestley et al. 2013). Although the technological advances are clear, it is of interest to know how these technologies are applied in scientific studies and what specific questions are being addressed.Biologging devices are currently used in scientific studies of numerous taxa, including terrestrial mammals (e.g. Hetem et al. 2012;McFarland et al. 2013), reptiles (e.g. Dubois et al. 2009;Watanabe et al. 2013), birds (e.g. Dean et al. 2013;Phipps et al. 2013), fish (e.g. Bonfil et al. 2005Yasuda et al. 2013) and even invertebrates (e.g. Stewart et al. 2012;Watts et al. 2012). Given the obvious difficulties in observing animals at sea directly, the use of biologging technologies is ideally suited for studies involving marine animals, particularly semi-aquatic species that haul out on land, thereby providing opportunities for the deployment of instruments. Marine biologists (and marine mammalogists in particular) are increasingly making use of biologging technology. This is exemplified by the study species reported in the titles and abstracts of presentations (n  Trends in tagging of marine mammals: a review of marine mammal biologging studies T McIntyre Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa e-mail: tmcintyre@zoology.up.ac.zaThe number of scientific papers resulting from biologging instruments deployed on marine mammals is increasing as improved technologies result in smaller devices and improved sensor-, storage-and transmission capabilities. I undertook a comprehensive review of papers resulting from biologging deployments on free-ranging marine mammals between 1965 and 2013 (n = 620) to summarise where (e.g. on which species, as well as in which geographic areas) deployment efforts were focused, the impacts of the resulting papers, and where there are shortcomings in the literature. Species-, sex-and age-class...

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Scaling of swim speed in breath-hold divers

Cited by 75 publications

References 84 publications

Comparative analyses of animal-tracking data reveal ecological significance of endothermy in fishes

Comparative analyses of animal-tracking data reveal ecological significance of endothermy in fishes

The foraging benefits of being fat in a highly migratory marine mammal

Trends in tagging of marine mammals: a review of marine mammal biologging studies

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