Scaling of the surface vasculature on the human placenta

Leonard, Alexander S.; Lee, J.; Schubert, David; Croen, Lisa; Fallin, M. Dani; Newschaffer, Craig J.; Walker, Cheryl K.; Salafia, Carolyn M.; Morgan, Simon P.; Vvedensky, Dimitri D.

doi:10.1103/physreve.96.040401

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The placental villous tree within where fetal blood vessels are covered is the functional unit of maternal–fetal substance exchange. , Injury or perturbation of the placental vascular system will inevitably lead to placental dysfunction (e.g., insufficient gas and substance exchange) and even fetal (e.g., growth restriction) and maternal disorders (e.g., preeclampsia). ,, Previous studies have reported that PFAS in maternal blood was associated with low birth size, indicating fetal growth restriction. Lower birth weight was found to be associated with higher exposure of PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFOS, and 6:2 and 8:2 Cl-PFESA in maternal blood. ,,, Our findings also showed similar negative trend for PFASs in serum without statistical significance in a representative sample of Chinese newborns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The placental villous tree within where fetal blood vessels are covered is the functional unit of maternal−fetal substance exchange. 41,42 Injury or perturbation of the placental vascular system will inevitably lead to placental dysfunction (e.g., insufficient gas and substance exchange) and even fetal (e.g., growth restriction) and maternal disorders (e.g., preeclampsia). 55,65,66 Previous studies have reported that PFAS in maternal blood was associated with low birth size, indicating fetal growth restriction.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Placental vasculature originates from fetal blood vessels in the umbilical cord, branches into capillaries of the chorionic villus tree, and fills the placental parenchyma lobule, where maternal−fetal gas and substance exchange occurs. 42 Several signaling pathways, including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF)vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), angiopoietin (ANG2)-TEK receptor tyrosine kinase (TIE2), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), modulate multistage placental vascular development. 43 Because of the direct exposure to xenobiotics and sensitive response for blood vessels, 44,45 the placenta vasculature is supposed to be a responsible target for PFAS prenatal exposure at the early stage, when no observable placental dysfunction or injury occurred.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vasculature enrichment is a prominent structural feature of the placenta, a hemochorial villous organ. Placental vasculature originates from fetal blood vessels in the umbilical cord, branches into capillaries of the chorionic villus tree, and fills the placental parenchyma lobule, where maternal–fetal gas and substance exchange occurs . Several signaling pathways, including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF)-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), angiopoietin (ANG2)-TEK receptor tyrosine kinase (TIE2), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), modulate multistage placental vascular development .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unveiling Distribution of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Matched Placenta-Serum Tetrads: Novel Implications for Birth Outcome Mediated by Placental Vascular Disruption

Pan

Qiu

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The placenta is pivotal for fetal development and maternal–fetal transfer of many substances, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). However, the intraplacental distribution of PFASs and their effects on placental vascular function remain unclear. In this study, 302 tetrads of matched subchorionic placenta (fetal-side), parabasal placenta (maternal-side), cord serum, and maternal serum samples were collected from Guangzhou, China. Eighteen emerging and legacy PFASs and five placental vascular biomarkers were measured. Results showed that higher levels of perfluorooctanoic (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acids (Cl-PFESAs) were detected in subchorionic placenta compared to parabasal placenta. There were significant associations of PFASs in the subchorionic placenta, but not in the serum, with placental vascular biomarkers (up to 32.5%) and lower birth size. Birth weight was negatively associated with PFOA (β: −103.8, 95% CI: −186.3 and −21.32) and 6:2 Cl-PFESA (β: −80.04, 95% CI: −139.5 and −20.61), primarily in subchorionic placenta. Mediation effects of altered placental angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 were evidenced on associations of adverse birth outcomes with intraplacental PFOS and 8:2 Cl-PFESA, explaining 9.5%–32.5% of the total effect. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report on differential intraplacental distribution of PFASs and placental vascular effects mediating adverse birth outcomes and provides novel insights into the placental plate-specific measurement in PFAS-associated health risk assessment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Unveiling Distribution of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Matched Placenta-Serum Tetrads: Novel Implications for Birth Outcome Mediated by Placental Vascular Disruption

Pan

Qiu

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Placentas from EARLI were more regularly shaped relative to those from the NCS, which was suggested to reflect reduced capacity to respond to changes [ 33 ]. Additional studies have also suggested differences in placental vasculature in placentas from these high autism probability families [ 34 , 35 ]. Whether the observed differences translate to associations with ASD-related outcomes, however, is not yet known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Placental morphology in association with autism-related traits in the EARLI study

Zhong

Shah²,

Rando

et al. 2022

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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Background In prior work we observed differences in morphology features in placentas from an autism-enriched cohort as compared to those from a general population sample. Here we sought to examine whether these differences associate with ASD-related outcomes in the child. Methods Participants (n = 101) were drawn from the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI), a cohort following younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD-related outcomes, including the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) Early Learning Composite, and ASD diagnosis, were assessed at age 3. Crude and adjusted linear regression was used to examine associations between placental morphological features (parametrized continuously and in quartiles) and SRS and MSEL scores; comparisons by ASD case status were explored as secondary analyses due to the small number of cases (n = 20). Results In adjusted analyses, we observed a modest positive association between umbilical cord eccentricity, defined as the ratio of the maximum:minimum radius from the cord insertion point, and SRS scores (Beta = 1.68, 95%CI = 0.45, 2.9). Positive associations were also suggested between placental maximum thickness and cord centrality and SRS scores, though these were estimated with little precision. Associations between other placental morphological features and outcomes were not observed. Conclusions Our analyses suggested a potential association between umbilical cord features and ASD-related traits, of interest as non-central cord insertion may reflect reduced placenta efficiency. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further examine these and other placental features in association with ASD-related outcomes.

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Placental Growth and Development Analyzed through 2D and 3D Fractals

Shah¹,

Salafia²,

Girardi³

et al. 2023

Fractal Analysis - Applications and Updates

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Fractal geometry has many applications in physiology and anatomy, providing novel insights into the structure and function of biological systems and organs, including the placenta. The placenta is a vital fetal organ that is the means by which essential nutrients and oxygen are extracted from maternal blood and transferred to the developing fetus. Anatomically, the placenta is a highly intricate structure exhibiting self-similarity at different scales. The complex relationship between placental function in nutrient transfer and fetal growth follows the allometric metabolic scaling law. Variability of shape of the placental chorionic plate, a 2D plane which contains the major chorionic arteries and veins, has been linked to measures of child health and neurodevelopmental outcomes. The microscopic arrangement of chorionic villi have also been demonstrated to have fractal properties that vary by gestational age and in different pathological conditions. Geographical Information Systems theory could be used to analyze the placental topography in the context of its surface vasculature and measures of spatial autocorrelation can model placental growth and development over gestation. An ideal model would mark timing, nature, and severity of gestational pathology modifying placental growth and, by extension, fetal development that leads to poor pregnancy outcomes.

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Scaling of the surface vasculature on the human placenta

Cited by 3 publications

References 35 publications

Unveiling Distribution of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Matched Placenta-Serum Tetrads: Novel Implications for Birth Outcome Mediated by Placental Vascular Disruption

Unveiling Distribution of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Matched Placenta-Serum Tetrads: Novel Implications for Birth Outcome Mediated by Placental Vascular Disruption

Placental morphology in association with autism-related traits in the EARLI study

Placental Growth and Development Analyzed through 2D and 3D Fractals

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