Scaling up rural sanitation in Tanzania: evidence from the National Sanitation Campaign

Abstract

Access to improved sanitation facilities has been a challenge, especially in developing countries. In 2012, Tanzania launched a rural-based National Sanitation Campaign to address the challenge of low coverage of improved sanitation and hygiene at household and school levels using a combination of approaches including Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) and behavior change communication. In June 2016, a study that involved interviews with heads of households, complemented by observations of sanitation and hygiene facilities in 2,875 households from 289 villages, was carried out in campaign and non-campaign villages. Overall, 94.7% of the households had a basic toilet; whereas 7.0% of the households from non-campaign villages against 3.5% from the campaign villages had no toilet. Moreover, overall coverage of improved sanitation was found to be 52.6% and varied between campaign (62%) and non-campaign (43%) villages. Hand washing points were hardly observed in both campaign and non-campaign villages, although they differed significantly between the two areas: 42.7 vs. 26.7% for campaign and non-campaign villages, respectively. Factors associated with households' access to improved latrines include economic status of the household, education level of the head of household and geographical location of the household. Further studies are needed before drawing clear-cut conclusions about the impact of the campaign.

Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiases among pre-school age children (12-59 months) and WASH condition in Mkuranga, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

“…The availability of latrine was very high (97.3%), consistent with the reported coverage of 98.3% in Bagamoyo district within Pwani region (27). Our ndings also agrees with those reported in National Sanitation Campaigns where latrine coverage was 94.7% (33) and re-a rm that latrine coverage in Tanzania is high. It was shown that less than a half (43.6%) of households was using improved non shared latrines.…”

How community engagement in water and sanitation interventions impacts human health, infrastructure and service longevity in low- and middle-income countries: a realist review

“…Initial scoping exercises identified individual contextual factors e.g. leadership (30,31) and monitoring (32,33), and in some case mechanisms for individual types of WASH interventions e.g. community led-total sanitation (34,35).…”

Use, adoption and effectiveness of tippy-tap handwashing station in promoting hand hygiene practices in a resource-limited setting: A systematic review

“…Based on MMAT, eight studies scored 100% [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]; ten studies scored 75% [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and two studies scored 50% [6,32]. With an average MMAT score of 82.5% across the included studies, the studies are considered to be of high quality.…”

“…Six studies were conducted in Uganda [6,21,26,28,30,31], two in Ethiopia [18,24], and two in Tanzania [14,20]. Furthemore, one study was conducted in each of the following countries: Zambia [16], Zimbabwe [27], Kenya [23], Nigeria [22], Haiti [19], Malawi [17], Ghana [15] and Sierra Leone ( [32].…”

“…The oldest age was 40 years in a study by D Singh, R Cumming, N Mohajer and J Negin [21]. The number of participants in each study varied from five schools in a study by S Bresee, B Caruso, J Sales, J Lupele and M Freeman [16] to 2,875 households in a study by A Mwakitalima, K Massa, A Seleman and T Kassile [20].…”