Sensor devices including biosensors are attracting considerable interest for molecule-speci c measurements with high sensitivity in a variety of applications ranging from clinical and pharmaceutical analysis to industrial process monitoring and environmental surveillance applications. A biosensor is composed of two main components: (i) a sensing interface, which speci cally interacts with analyte molecules, creating a change in physical or chemical parameters (e.g., pH, redox state, temperature, charge, refractive index, etc.) and (ii) a transducer, which converts this information into a quanti able read-out signal. Most commonly, electrochemical, optical, mass sensitive, and thermosensitive transducers are applied for biosensing platforms. 1 Per its de nition, the biological recognition element is in direct contact with the transducer surface. Following transduction, the signal is typically ltered, ampli ed, recorded, or transmitted by a read-out system, resulting in a