Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of New and Used Fan Nozzles for Agricultural Sprayers

Krishnan, P.; Evans, T. F.; Ballal, K.; Kemble, L. J.

doi:10.13031/2013.15881

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…As other studies indicate, these changes can be observed by measuring the dimensions of the nozzle orifice during the test (Krishnan et al, 2004;Krause et al, 2003;Sztachó-Pekáry, 2005). However, this parameter (ozzle orifice diameter) appears to be not practical when dealing with the inspection of sprayers, which is required by the Directive 2009/128/EC for the sustainable use of pesticide.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of Flat Fan Nozzles Operating Parameters Under Conditions of Accelerated Boundary and Destructive Wear

Parafiniuk

Milanowski

Krawczuk

et al. 2018

Agricultural Engineering

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Two tests were carried out to measure the standard flat fan nozzles wear during a specific period of an accelerated wear procedure. The first test aimed at getting 10% increase in the flow rate compared to the nominal flow rate, which is the threshold to replace the nozzles according to the nozzles testing standards. The second test was to wear the nozzles intensively (100 hours of accelerated wear), which represents the use of nozzles beyond the allowed threshold. The results showed that the flow rate reached 1.31 l·min−1 (equal to 10% increase) for the tested nozzles after 35 hours of the wear test. For the second test, the 10% increase of the flow rate was reached after approximately 30 hours. The wear rate reached 27.5% at the end of the test and this is 2.7 times more than the standardized threshold.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of Flat Fan Nozzles Operating Parameters Under Conditions of Accelerated Boundary and Destructive Wear

Parafiniuk

Milanowski

Krawczuk

et al. 2018

Agricultural Engineering

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“…The scanning electron microscopic study of Krishnan et al [12] indicates that nozzle wear patterns could be noticed by comparing micrographs of new and worn nozzles. Moreover, they found that brass and plastic nozzles wear faster than nickel-coated brass and stainless steel nozzles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Different Internal Designs of Hydraulic Nozzles under an Accelerated Wear Test

2022

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The use of worn-out agricultural nozzles in pesticide application has a negative effect on the efficiency and cost of the application process. It also has an effect on environmental pollution due to an excessive amount of pesticide being applied when spraying with worn-out nozzles. In this paper, the resistance to wear of three different internal design hydraulic nozzles was ascertained. Changes in the flow rate and spray distribution as a result of this wear were also investigated. The wear test was done inside a closed system, and it was accelerated using an abrasive material to generate 100 h of wear. The tested nozzles were the Turbo TeeJet (TT)-twin chambered, Turbo Twinjet (TTj60)-dual outlet, and Drift Guard (DG)-pre-orifice. Wear rate, flow rate, and the virtual coefficient of variation (CVv) were measured at different wear intervals. The results showed that the TTj60 type was the most resistant to wear, followed by the TT type and DG. The latter two types showed an increase in the flow rate only in the first 45 h of wear. Virtual coefficient of variation (CVv) values were less than 10% after finishing the test (after 100 h of wear) for the three types of nozzles, which are acceptable values according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 16122-2, 2015.

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“…Ozkan et al (1992) reported that the spraying pressure, duration of test, type, abrasiveness, concentration of material used in the spray mixture, nozzle type, nozzle size, orifice shape and orifice material were the factors affecting the nozzle wear. It was indicated that much of the difference reported in the nozzle wear rates is due to different operating conditions used when testing nozzles (Krishnan et al 2004). However, the shape defects on a nozzle orifice can result in deteriorating the spray patterns, even though a nozzle's flow rate conformed to standards at a constant spray pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Special equipment would be required to actually see the changes in the orifice size and shape. The studies conducted by Krause et al (2003) and Krishnan et al (2004) can be presented as an illustration. In these studies, scanning electron microscopy was used in order to observe the new and used fan-pattern nozzle orifices and, indicated that the scanning electron microscopy can provide nozzle manufacturers with the required information about nozzle to improve performance (Krause et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of shape manufacturing defects of flat fan-pattern nozzle orifices using elliptic fourier descriptors

Sayinci

2016

Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi

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Shape defects originating from the manufacture in the orifice openings of the flat fan-pattern nozzles may result in deteriorating the spray pattern. This study has been conducted with the aim of detecting the manufacturing defects of the fan-pattern nozzle orifices in terms of shape uniformity using the elliptic Fourier descriptors (EFDs), and revealing the shape differences among the nozzle orifices made in polyacetal for various nominal sizes ranging from 01 to 06. At first, descriptive data describing dimensions (major and minor length, projected area, etc.) and shapes (shape factor, elongation and roundness) of the nozzle orifices were obtained using an image processing method. The next process, to evaluate the nozzles' orifice shape using elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA), the progresses of generating the orifice's contour data, derivation of EFDs, principal component analysis (PCA) of EFDs and visualization of shape variations estimated by the principal component scores (PCs) were followed respectively. Although the shape differences of the orifice outlines could be visually distinguished, the descriptive shape data were not able to discriminate the contour differences. The EFDs determined for each orifice size could individually detect the nozzle orifices with shape defect originating from the manufacture and they could be explicitly distinguished from the scatter plots. The results of the Hotelling's pairwise comparison test showed that the nozzle orifices in shape were significantly different from each other. Linear discriminant analysis demonstrated that the group centroids of the orifices of 03, 04 and 06 were found close-range to each other. The orifice of 01 which is rectangular in shape had an extraordinary attribute compared to the other orifices. The orifice outline of 015 with a smooth shape was in appearance of an oblate ellipse in shape. The contour of the nozzle orifice of 02 size was explicitly found different from the others. It was concluded that the EF method can be used intended for the manufacturers inspect and improve the quality of nozzle orifices.

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Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of New and Used Fan Nozzles for Agricultural Sprayers

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of Flat Fan Nozzles Operating Parameters Under Conditions of Accelerated Boundary and Destructive Wear

Evaluation of Flat Fan Nozzles Operating Parameters Under Conditions of Accelerated Boundary and Destructive Wear

Evaluation of Different Internal Designs of Hydraulic Nozzles under an Accelerated Wear Test

Detection of shape manufacturing defects of flat fan-pattern nozzle orifices using elliptic fourier descriptors

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