Scanning Electron Microscopy Detects Bacteria within Infection Stones

Takeuchi, Hideo; Takayama, H; Konishi, Taira; Tomoyoshi, T

doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)49466-3

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It is proposed that the weaker binding is enough for concentration, but facilitates the release for crystal growth (Dumanski et al 1994). Stone formation is facilitated by additional bacterial growth or interactions between stones, and the stone eventually comprises a matrix with imbedded bacteria (Nickel et al 1987;McLean et al 1989;Takeuchi et al 1984). Studies by Li et al used P. mirabilis cells constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) to visualize cells within urinary stones in a mouse model of urinary tract infection.…”

Section: Infectious Urinary Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Bacterial Biofilms in Urinary Tract Infections

Hatt

Rather

2008

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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Bacterial urinary tract infections represent the most common type of nosocomial infection. In many cases, the ability of bacteria to both establish and maintain these infections is directly related to biofilm formation on indwelling devices or within the urinary tract itself. This chapter will focus on the role of biofilm formation in urinary tract infections with an emphasis on Gram-negative bacteria. The clinical implications of biofilm formation will be presented along with potential strategies for prevention. In addition, the role of specific pathogenencoded functions in biofilm development will be discussed.T. Romeo (ed.), Bacterial Biofilms. 163

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Section: Infectious Urinary Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Bacterial Biofilms in Urinary Tract Infections

Hatt

Rather

2008

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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“…Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate) is one of the major components of urinary tract concrements, and it is found in 15-20% of renal calculi [6,7], Ureolytic organisms are often isolated from surgi cally excised struvite calculi [6,8,9], but isolation of nonureolytic has also been reported [10], On the other hand, studies in vitro have shown the importance of ureolytic bacteria and urease activity in the generation of struvite and apatite [2,11,12], In these experiments no crystal formation was observed in cul tures of nonureolytic bacteria. But in general all these experiments have been performed with strains belonging to different genera.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precipitation of Struvite in Urine Medium by Urease-Positive and Urease-NegativeYersiniaStrains

et al. 1990

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Yersinia strains either urease-positive or urease-negative were examined for precipitation of struvite in human urine at 25 and 37 °C. All urease-positive strains and 8 out of 10 urease-negative strains showed the ability to produce these crystals. Incubation time required for precipitation was longer for urease-negative strains and quantity of struvite formed was higher in urease-positive ones. Regarding incubation temperature, no significant influence has been observed.

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“…The deep crevices of the stone may shield bacteria from clearance by host immune cells while allowing access to nutrients. Takeuchi et al reported the presence of P. mirabilis in areas ranging from the nuclei to the peripheral layers in struvite stones (26). Bacteria encased in stones may be protected from antibiotic killing and thus cause persistent or recurrent infections.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualization of Proteus mirabilis within the Matrix of Urease-Induced Bladder Stones during Experimental Urinary Tract Infection

Li¹,

Zhao²,

Lockatell

et al. 2002

Infect Immun

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The virulence of a urease-negative mutant of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis and its wild-type parent strain was assessed by using a CBA mouse model of catheterized urinary tract infection. Overall, catheterized mice were significantly more susceptible than uncatheterized mice to infection by wild-type P. mirabilis. At a high inoculum, the urease-negative mutant successfully colonized bladders of catheterized mice but did not cause urolithiasis and was still severely attenuated in its ability to ascend to kidneys. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, we demonstrated the presence of P. mirabilis within the urease-induced stone matrix. Alizarin red S staining was used to detect calcium-containing deposits in bladder and kidney tissues of P. mirabilis-infected mice.Proteus mirabilis, a gram-negative rod-shaped species in the Enterobacteriaceae, is a common cause of urinary tract infection in individuals with long-term urinary catheters in place or individuals with complicated urinary tracts (24, 27). The organism causes a significant bacteriuria, infecting the bladder, but also has a propensity for the kidneys, as demonstrated by bladder washout localization studies (4, 15). Proteus infections are perhaps most noted for their association with formation of debilitating kidney and bladder stones (2, 9). In individuals with catheters in place, the catheters often become encrusted with mineral deposits and the lumina become obstructed with crystals, which block the flow of urine (16,19,25). In an individual with a complicated urinary tract in which there is a structural abnormality that prevents the normal flow or elimination of urine, stones can form in the lumen of the bladder or within the calices of the kidneys (1). The stones in the kidneys must often be removed surgically or by shockwave lithotripsy (6, 23). P. mirabilis, despite its antibiotic sensitivity, can be difficult to clear by antibiotic treatment. It has been hypothesized that bacteria within a stone matrix are protected from antibiotic treatment.Stones are formed due to the action of the cytoplasmic nickel metalloenzyme urease (7,19). This enzyme hydrolyzes urea, which is present in urine at concentrations of 0.4 to 0.5 M, generating ammonia and carbon dioxide. Ammonia raises the pH, and normally soluble ions precipitate to form stones, usually composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium phosphate (apatite) (6). Genes involved in urease production in P. mirabilis reside on a 6.5-kb DNA fragment that has been cloned and sequenced in our laboratory previously (14). UreR induces transcription of the urease operon, which includes genes encoding the structural subunits, ureABC, and genes required for incorporation of Ni 2ϩ into the apoenzyme, ureDEFG (17, 18).Previously, was constructed an isogenic urease-negative mutant from P. mirabilis wild-type strain HI4320 by disrupting ureC through homologous recombination (13). Virulence studies with the murine model of ascending urinary tract infection showe...

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Scanning Electron Microscopy Detects Bacteria within Infection Stones

Cited by 32 publications

References 5 publications

Role of Bacterial Biofilms in Urinary Tract Infections

Role of Bacterial Biofilms in Urinary Tract Infections

Precipitation of Struvite in Urine Medium by Urease-Positive and Urease-NegativeYersiniaStrains

Visualization of Proteus mirabilis within the Matrix of Urease-Induced Bladder Stones during Experimental Urinary Tract Infection

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