Scanning Electron Microscopy

Spivak, G. V.; Saparin, G. V.; Bykov, M V

doi:10.1070/pu1970v012n06abeh003971

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…In this section, we highlight some predictions of the quasi-classical approach of references [7]- [12]. These theories focus on the ensemble averaged conductance < G > and ignore the weak localisation contribution discussed in [20], [21]. The latter does not scale with the system size and in systems with a conductance much larger than 2e 2 /h, can be neglected.…”

Section: Results From Quasi-classicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These involve a normal metal in contact with superconductors S 1 and S 2 , with order parameter phases φ 1 , φ 2 , whose order parameter phase difference φ = φ 1 − φ 2 can be controlled by external means. For a diffusive system of size L, with diffusion coefficient D, early theoretical work [20], [21] predicted that in the high temperature limit T > T * , where k B T * = hD/L 2 , the ensemble averaged conductance < G > should be a periodic function of φ, with fundamental period π, whereas in the low temperature regime T < T * , it was predicted [22], [23] that the fundamental periodicity of < G > would be 2π. This prediction of a 2π periodicity is a common feature of all recent theories of < G > [13], [14], [24], [25] and of recent experiments [27]- [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diffusive and ballistic motion in superconducting hybrid structures

1996

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We examine transport properties of superconducting hybrid mesoscopic structures, in both the diffusive and ballistic regimes. For diffusive structures, analytic results from quasi-classical theory are compared with predictions from numerical, multiple-scattering calculations performed on small structures. For all structures, the two methods yield comparable results and in some cases, quantitative agreement is obtained. These results not only demonstrate that quasi-classical theory can yield the ensemble averaged conductance < G > of small structures of dimensions of order 10-20 Fermi wavelengths, but also establish that numerical scattering calculations on such small structures can yield results for < G > which are characteristic of much larger systems. Having compared the two approaches, we extend the multiple-scattering analysis to the ballistic limit, where the sample dimensions become smaller than the elastic mean free path and demonstrate that the properties of certain Andreev interferometers are unchanged in the clean limit.

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Section: Results From Quasi-classicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusive and ballistic motion in superconducting hybrid structures

1996

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“…Upon interaction with the sample, the electrons produce secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, and characteristic X‐rays. One or several detectors collect these signals to form images . Resolutions achieved with modern SEMs can be as low as 1–20 nm …”

Section: Microscopy and Nanoscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One or several detectors collect these signals to form images. [12] Resolutions achieved with modern SEMs can be as low as 1-20 nm. [13]…”

Section: Microscopy and Nanoscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro‐ and Nanoscopic Imaging of Enzymatic Electrodes: A Review

2019

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Redox enzymes, which catalyze electron transfer reactions in living organisms, can be used as selective and sensitive bioreceptors in biosensors, or as efficient catalysts in biofuel cells. In these bioelectrochemical devices, the enzymes are immobilized at a conductive surface, the electrode, with which they must be able to exchange electrons. Different physicochemical methods have been coupled to electrochemistry to characterize the enzyme‐modified electrochemical interface. In this Review, we summarize most efforts performed to investigate the enzymatic electrodes at the micro‐ and even nanoscale, thanks to microscopy techniques. Contrary to electrochemistry, which gives only a global information about all processes occurring at the electrode surface, microscopy offers a spatial resolution. Several techniques have been implemented; mostly scanning probe microscopies like atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy, but also scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. These studies demonstrate that various information can be obtained thanks to microscopy at different scales. Electrode imaging has been performed to confirm the presence of enzymes, to quantify and localize the biomolecules, but also to evaluate the morphology of immobilized enzymes, their possible conformation changes upon turnover, and their orientation at the electrode surface. Local redox activity has also been imaged and kinetics has been resolved.

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“…The eqs. (18)(19) yield all the scattering coefficients associated with a particle incident from the left on a clean N-S interface. A direct analytic evaluation is rather messy, but it is trivial to solve these numerically.…”

Section: Andreev Reflection At a N-s Interfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Phase coherent transport in hybrid superconducting structures: the case of d-wave superconductors

Cook

Raimondi²,

Lambert³

1996

Czech J Phys

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We examine the effect of d-wave symmetry on zero bias anomalies in normal-superconducting tunnel junctions and phase-periodic conductances in Andreev interferometers. In the presence of d-wave pairing, zero-bias anomalies are suppressed compared with the s-wave case. For Andreev interferometers with aligned islands, the phase-periodic conductance is insensistive to the nature of the pairing, whereas for non-aligned islands, the nature of zero-phase extremum is reversed.

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Scanning Electron Microscopy

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Diffusive and ballistic motion in superconducting hybrid structures

Diffusive and ballistic motion in superconducting hybrid structures

Micro‐ and Nanoscopic Imaging of Enzymatic Electrodes: A Review

Phase coherent transport in hybrid superconducting structures: the case of d-wave superconductors

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