Scanning Joule expansion microscopy at nanometer scales

Varesi, J. B.; Majumdar, Arunava

doi:10.1063/1.120638

Cited by 121 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…As devices shrink to smaller dimensions, selecting materials for electrical components and arranging them into integrated circuitry become important challenges. In microscopic interconnect components, electron scattering at the interfaces and grain boundaries play a dominant role in charge carrier transport 5 and heat generation 6 . However, the heat dissipation, cross-effects of Joule heating and electromigration that occur on the nanoscale have not been actively elucidated 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal nanofibrils embedded in long free-standing carbon nanotube fibers with a high critical current density

Rho

Park

et al. 2018

NPG Asia Mater

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With the growth of nanoelectronics, the importance of thermal management in device packaging and the improvement of high-current-carrying interconnects/wires for avoiding the premature failure of devices have been emphasized. The heat and electrical transport properties of the bulk may not be valid in the characterization of a material at the nanometer level, because the phenomena that occur at the interfaces and grain boundaries become dominant. The failure mechanism of bulk metal interconnects has been understood in the context of electromigration; however, in nanoscale materials, the effect of the heat dissipation that occurs at the nanointerfaces may play an important role. Here, we report the preparation of continuous carbon nanotube (CNT)-Cu composite fibers that possess Cu nanofibrillar structures with a high current-carrying capacity. Various-shaped CNT-Cu microfibers with different Cu grain morphologies were produced via Cu electroplating on continuous CNT fibers. Cu fibril structures were embedded in the voids inside the CNT fiber during the early stage of electrodeposition. The temperaturedependent and magnetic field-dependent electrical properties and the ampacity of the produced CNT-Cu microfibers were measured, and the failure mechanism of the fiber was discussed. The interconnection of Cu nanograins on the surface of the individual CNTs contributed to the enhancement in the charge-carrying ability of the fiber. The effective ampacity of the Cu nanofibrils was estimated to be~1 × 10 7 A/cm 2 , which is approximately 50 times larger than the ampacity measured for a bulk Cu microwire.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal nanofibrils embedded in long free-standing carbon nanotube fibers with a high critical current density

Rho

Park

et al. 2018

NPG Asia Mater

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“…Due to the advance of experimental techniques the measurement of thermodynamic quantities like temperature with a spatial resolution on the nanometer scale seems within reach [7,8,9,6]. These techniques have already been applied for a new type of scanning microscopy, using a temperature sensor [10,11], that shows resolutions below 100nm. An important question thus arises [6]: Down to what spatial scale does a meaningful notion of temperature exist at all?…”

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confidence: 99%

“…All numerical tests we made showed such a behavior. Let us now assume the whole system to be in a thermal state with a reciprocal temperature β and a density matrix according to equation (11). We calculate the distance between this density matrix and a product of canonical density matrices of the subgroups corresponding to a partitionρ…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-We now use the scaling law (10) to estimate the density matrix elements of the groups of N subsystems assuming that the total system is in a thermal state with the density matrix µ|ρ|ν = e −βEµ Z δ µν (11) in the eigenbasis of H. Here, Z is the partition sum and β = (k B T ) −1 the inverse temperature. Transforming the density matrix (11) into the eigenbasis of H (0)…”

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confidence: 99%

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Scaling behavior of interactions in a modular quantum system and the existence of local temperature

Hartmann¹,

Gemmer²,

Mahler³

et al. 2004

Europhys. Lett.

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Abstract. -We consider a quantum system of fixed size consisting of a regular chain of n-level subsystems, where n is finite. Forming groups of N subsystems each, we show that the strength of interaction between the groups scales with N − 1/2 . As a consequence, if the total system is in a thermal state with inverse temperature β, a sufficient condition for subgroups of size N to be approximately in a thermal state with the same temperature is √ N ≫ β δE, where δE is the width of the occupied level spectrum of the total system. These scaling properties indicate on what scale local temperatures may be meaningfully defined as intensive variables. This question is particularly relevant for non-equilibrium scenarios such as heat conduction etc.

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“…3,4 Although useful images sensitive to thermal diffusivity have been obtained, such experiments are difficult to interpret because the depth resolution is often strongly influenced by near-field thermal effects governed by the probe size and tip-sample thermal resistance rather than by the modulation frequency. 2 A different approach that avoids this complication is based on the local probing of thermal expansion: subsurface periodic resistive heating 5,6 or chopped optical radiation 7-9 generate surface vibrations that can then be mapped to a lateral resolution of a few nanometers in standard atomic force microscope ͑AFM͒ or scanning tunneling microscope configurations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Local probing of thermal properties at submicron depths with megahertz photothermal vibrations

Tomoda

Shiraishi

Kolosov

et al. 2003

Applied Physics Letters

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We demonstrate the imaging of buried features in a microstructure-a tiny hole in an aluminum thin film covered by a chromium layer-with nanometer lateral resolution using a transient temperature distribution restricted to within ϳ0.5 m of the sample surface. This is achieved by mapping photothermally induced megahertz surface vibrations in an atomic force microscope. Local thermal probing with megahertz-frequency thermal waves is thus shown to be a viable method for imaging subsurface thermal features at submicron depths.

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Scanning Joule expansion microscopy at nanometer scales

Cited by 121 publications

References 17 publications

Metal nanofibrils embedded in long free-standing carbon nanotube fibers with a high critical current density

Metal nanofibrils embedded in long free-standing carbon nanotube fibers with a high critical current density

Scaling behavior of interactions in a modular quantum system and the existence of local temperature

Local probing of thermal properties at submicron depths with megahertz photothermal vibrations

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