Scapular upward rotation position is symmetrical in swimmers without current shoulder pain

McLaine, Sally J.; Ginn, Karen A.; Fell, James W.; Bird, Marie‐Louise

doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.09.003

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Such an adaptation may be beneficial to preserve the clearance of the acromial space at the non‐dominant side (Forthomme, Crielaard, & Croisier, 2008), and may minimize the risk for subacromial impingement syndrome (Laudner et al., 2015). The similar bilateral upward rotation positioning of both the scapulae up to 120° of humeral elevation observed in our study were in line with previous results assessing scapular upward rotation in static arm elevation at 90° and 140° in a large group of adolescent swimmers (McLaine, Ginn, Fell, & Bird, 2018). Our findings revealed that the elimination of the side‐to‐side differences in scapular upward rotation in swimmers occurred during dynamic humeral elevation, which may be explained by the symmetrical nature of swimming (McKenna, Straker, Smith, & Cunningham, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Our findings revealed that the elimination of the side‐to‐side differences in scapular upward rotation in swimmers occurred during dynamic humeral elevation, which may be explained by the symmetrical nature of swimming (McKenna, Straker, Smith, & Cunningham, 2011). For sport and clinical assessments, no bilateral differences in scapular upward rotation during dynamic humeral elevation up to 120° in the scapular plan may be a significant outcome for shoulder injury prevention (McLaine et al., 2018). Contrary to our initial hypothesis, scapular tilt was not altered by swimming exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scapular kinematics during scaption in competitive swimmers

Blache

Gillet

Selin

et al. 2018

European Journal of Sport Science

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This study aimed (1) to describe and compare scapular kinematics between three groups of swimmers of different levels and a group of non-swimmers, and (2) to assess whether swimming practice alters the asymmetries in scapular kinematics between the dominant and non-dominant sides, both during unilateral arm raising and lowering in the scapular plane. Scapular kinematics were assessed bilaterally during arm raising and lowering in the scapular plane using an electromagnetic system in 42 healthy males, which were split into four groups: control (n = 11), adolescent elite swimmers (n = 11), adult elite swimmers (n = 10), and club-level adult swimmers (n = 10). One-Way ANOVA SPM(t) on two repeated measures showed that the three groups of swimmers had more protracted shoulder between 30° and 90° of arm raising and lowering (p < .001). The three groups of swimmers presented no bilateral difference in scapular upward rotation, while the dominant scapula was more upwardly rotated than the non-dominant one between 74° and 104° of arm elevation in the control group (p < .001). The scapula of adult elite swimmers was more internally rotated between 67° and 116° of humeral elevation during arm raising, and between 81° and 54° during arm lowering in comparison to the other swimming and control groups (p ≤ .02), who presented similar scapular positioning in internal rotation. In conclusion, the findings of the study pointed out that swimming practice generated protracted shoulders and removed bilateral differences in scapular upward rotation during scaption, while accumulation of swimming practice at elite level enlarged scapular internal rotation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scapular kinematics during scaption in competitive swimmers

Blache

Gillet

Selin

et al. 2018

European Journal of Sport Science

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“…Twelve studies reported no significant side-to-side differences (p . 0.05) (6,16,17,32,39,45,47,49,50,72,75,85), whereas 9 showed a significant difference (p , 0.05) in at least one tested variable (21,43,56,59,60,63,67,83,84). The specific metrics that presented significant interlimb differences included the following: triceps electromyographic activity (reported as a % of maximal voluntary load), shoulder medial and lateral rotation (8), subacromial bursa thickness (mm), scapula-humeral rhythm ratio (8), shoulder extension peak of torque (N.m), shoulder external rotation (8), shoulder isolated and composite internal rotation (8), shoulder total arc of motion ( 8), power output (W), scapula lateral displacement (cm), scapula retraction peak force (N), and scapula protraction:retraction ratio (N).…”

Section: Dry-land Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interlimb Asymmetries in Swimming and Their Impact on Performance: Evidence From a Scoping Review

Knihs¹,

Bishop

Zimmermann

et al. 2023

Strength &Amp; Conditioning Journal

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The objectives of this review were to (a) map the studies analyzing bilateral asymmetries in specific (in-water tests) and nonspecific (dry-land tests) swimming contexts and (b) investigate the effects of interlimb asymmetries on swimming performance. Searches were systematically conducted on 4 databases. Of 768 studies examined, 60 were eligible for the final selection (https://osf.io/46gya). Twenty-eight studies analyzed asymmetries during in-water tests, with asymmetry values ranging from 2.7 to 60.0%, and most studies (n = 18) reported significant between-limb differences (p < 0.05). Asymmetries were also analyzed during dry-land tests in 24 studies, with asymmetry values ranging from 1.1 to 16.6%. Interestingly, most of these studies (n = 12) did not verify any significant between-limb differences (p > 0.05). Eight studies measured asymmetries in both contexts and reported asymmetry values from −24.1–17.4%, with 4 studies finding significant differences between body sides (p < 0.05). Seven of the 60 studies selected investigated the relationship between asymmetries and swimming performance, with 5 reporting no meaningful associations. In conclusion, significant asymmetries in swimming are more evident during in-water than during dry-land tests. In addition, the few studies investigating asymmetries' influence on swimming performance reported that asymmetries rarely impact swimming performance.

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“…The influence of scapular position and/or scapular dyskinesia on shoulder pain in swimmers was assessed in seven studies. 10,11,23,35,36,44,46 Methods employed for analyzing the scapula position and dyskinesia included digital inclinometry of scapular position at various points of shoulder range of motion, the Kibler Test for distance from the spinous processes of the seventh and third thoracic vertebrae to the scapula, and visual inspection (dyskinesis pre- sent, yes or no). The age groups of the swimmers One study examined youth, four examined adolescents/adults, and two examined varied age ranges.…”

Section: Scapular Position/dyskinesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Sink or Swim? Clinical Objective Tests and Measures Associated with Shoulder Pain in Swimmers of Varied Age Levels of Competition: A Systematic Review

Kennedy,

Otley,

Hendren

et al. 2024

International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy

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BACKGROUND Swimming is enjoyed by athletes of all ages, and shoulder pain is a common problem. Clinicians identify impairments which impact shoulder pain and these impairments may differ depending on the swimmer’s age competition level. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate objective measures utilized to assess swimmers and assess the relationship of test values to shoulder pain in distinct age groups/competition levels. A secondary aim was to report normative/expected values for these tests. DESIGN Systematic review METHODS PRISMA methodology was employed to assess studies evaluating clinical tests and measures associated with shoulder pain for swimmers in varied age competition levels. The Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies instrument was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies, and a qualitative synthesis of findings was conducted to determine the strength of the evidence in four age competition levels for nine objective measures. Distinct cut points for proposed measures were identified. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies were included in the analysis and the majority were of moderate quality in adolescent/adult swimmers. Youth swimmers had limited evidence for the development of shoulder pain associated with scapular position/dyskinesia, weakness of periscapular muscles, low endurance of core muscles, and moderate evidence for shoulder pain associated with laxity and altered range of motion (ROM). Adolescent/adult swimmers demonstrated limited evidence for a positive association between developing shoulder pain if there is a low eccentric ER:concentric IR ratio, and moderate evidence for pectoralis minor tightness and glenohumeral laxity. There were limited studies regarding masters swimmers to derive conclusive evidence. Cut points were identified from the included studies but these have not been validated in other studies. CONCLUSION Swimmers of various ages may have different objective clinical tests and measures associated with the risk for developing shoulder pain. More studies are needed to fully understand risk factors for shoulder pain in the masters swim competition level, and to validate recommended cut points for various tests and measures. Key level of evidence 3, Systematic review of mostly Level 3 studies

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Scapular upward rotation position is symmetrical in swimmers without current shoulder pain

Cited by 7 publications

References 18 publications

Scapular kinematics during scaption in competitive swimmers

Scapular kinematics during scaption in competitive swimmers

Interlimb Asymmetries in Swimming and Their Impact on Performance: Evidence From a Scoping Review

Sink or Swim? Clinical Objective Tests and Measures Associated with Shoulder Pain in Swimmers of Varied Age Levels of Competition: A Systematic Review

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