Scattering of Light from the Systemic Circulatory System

Abstract

There are many factors of methodological origin that influence the measurement of optical properties of the entire circulatory system which consists of blood as the basic component. The basic idea of this review article is to provide the optical properties of the circulatory system with all those factors of influence that have been employed in biomedical optics for different applications. We begin with the available optical properties, i.e., absorption, scattering and, reduced scattering coefficient, in general for any tissue inside the human body and prominent scattering theories (e.g., light, X-rays, neutrons) that are helpful in this regard. We have reviewed and compiled already available formulas and their respective available data for different human tissues for these optical properties. Then we have descended to the blood composition and to different scattering techniques available in the literature to study scattering and light propagation inside blood. We have reviewed both computational and theoretical scattering techniques.

Optical Diagnostics in Human Diseases

“…The authors pointed out the main factors that affect absorption spectra of whole blood and hence influence optical properties. Revision of available polarimetric techniques can be helpful for readers who practice biomedical optics methods [ 13 ].…”

Mueller matrix polarimetry for differentiating characteristic features of different materials (wood, shinning steel, unpolished plastic)

“…This interaction with any optical element or material can be defined as a multiplication of the Stokes vector with a 4 × 4 matrix, S'= MS. The stokes matrix is modified in terms of Mueller may be written as [1]:…”

“…Mueller matrix polarimetric imaging is a very potent approach that is extensively used nowadays in many different areas like biomedical applications [1], materials characterization [2], remote sensing [3,4] etc.. Mueller matrix imaging technique has also tested several clinical applications [5,6,7]. While it is commonly mentioned, how the polarization states are converted from the incident into the reflected light, a Mueller matrix shows some details information of reflected light and structural properties of the materials.…”

Multiple Scattering by Two PEC Spheres Using Translation Addition Theorem

“…The problem of multiple scattering by closely spaced objects has a wide range of engineering applications, including electromagnetic (EM) wave transmission by rain [1], scattering by complex bodies [2][3][4][5], scanning of buried objects [6,7], biological cell detection [8,9], radar and remote sensing applications in biomedical diagnostics, etc. [10,11]. The resolution of multiple scattering problems by PEC spheres allows an analytic treatment and a better physical interpretation into the scattering mechanism for novel applications [12,13].…”