Scattering of Secondary Electrons Produced by<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>γ</mml:mi></mml:math>-Rays in Materials of Various Atomic Numbers

Hine, Gerald J.

doi:10.1103/physrev.82.755

Cited by 47 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…This larger value for lower energy is to be expected from the work of HINE (1951) who showed that for light elements the logarithm of the ratio of forward to backward emission increased linearly with photon energy. If we interpolate between Ir 192 and C060, we may deduce that for CS137 the backward secondary emission will make up one fifth of the total ionisation rate at the peak and curves of S. 1.…”

Section: Experimental Measurements Of Surface Ionisation Ratiosupporting

confidence: 60%

Physical Requirements of Beam Defining Systems for Medium Distance Teletherapy Units

Haybittle¹

1955

Acta Radiologica

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Section: Experimental Measurements Of Surface Ionisation Ratiosupporting

confidence: 60%

Physical Requirements of Beam Defining Systems for Medium Distance Teletherapy Units

Haybittle¹

1955

Acta Radiologica

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“…As has been shown experimentally by many investigators (Hine 1951, Saylor and Quillin 1971, Leung and Johns 1977, Agrawal et al 1979, a medium atomic number will give the lowest surface dose at this energy. For low atomic numbers the incoherent cross section dominates and a large forward directed electron contribution is obtained.…”

Section: Variation With Atomic Numbersupporting

confidence: 51%

Direct nucleophilic functionalization of C(sp²)–H-bonds in arenes and hetarenes by electrochemical methods

Shchepochkin¹,

Чупахин²,

Charushin³

et al. 2013

Russ. Chem. Rev.

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Relative lateral electron surface dose distributions from filters and air in high energy photon beams were determined using the Fermi-Eyges theory of multiple scattering. The model includes transmission and angular scattering in materials and in air. Backscatter from the phantom was also estimated. The variation of surface dose with different parameters such as atomic number, thickness and position of material, field size and photon energy was investigated. The calculated data show good agreement with experiment. For CO y rays, electron filters of medium atomic number give the lowest surface dose, whereas for higher energies a low to medium atomic number material should be used, especially for short material-phantom distances and large field sizes. The contribution to surface dose can be reduced by over 30% by placing a thin foil of high atomic number after a low to medium atomic number filter, thus scattering some electrons from the beam. For 6oCo y rays the air is often the dominant source of contaminating electrons because of high multiple scatter loss at this energy, while for higher photon energies the beam flattening filter is the main electron source because of the small emission angle of the electrons and the small scattering power at high energies. 60

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“…The effective atomic number (Z eff ), a radiation parameter proposed by Hine [22], characterises the atomic number of composite material for different gamma ray interaction processes at different energies. The prepared concrete specimens cannot be marked by single atomic number.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma radiation shielding and health physics characteristics of diaspore-flyash concretes

Singh

Mudahar

et al. 2015

J. Radiol. Prot.

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Different gamma radiation interaction parameters has been measured experimentally for the prepared diaspore-flyash concretes at 59.54, 662, 1173 and 1332 keV using narrow-beam transmission geometry and results are found to be in good agreement with theoretical values computed with a computer programme, WinXCom. The radiation exposure rate and absorbed dose rate for the gamma radiation with and without shielding of diaspore-flyash concretes have been determined using linear attenuation results. The results show that on average, there is reduction of 95%, 53% and 40% in dose rate for gamma sources (241)Am, (137)Cs and (60)Co, respectively with diaspore-flyash concretes as shielding material. Other health physics parameters namely equivalent dose, effective dose, gamma flux and energy fluence rate have also been determined.

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Scattering of Secondary Electrons Produced byγ-Rays in Materials of Various Atomic Numbers

Cited by 47 publications

References 1 publication

Physical Requirements of Beam Defining Systems for Medium Distance Teletherapy Units

Physical Requirements of Beam Defining Systems for Medium Distance Teletherapy Units

Direct nucleophilic functionalization of C(sp²)–H-bonds in arenes and hetarenes by electrochemical methods

Gamma radiation shielding and health physics characteristics of diaspore-flyash concretes

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Scattering of Secondary Electrons Produced byγ-Rays in Materials of Various Atomic Numbers

Cited by 47 publications

References 1 publication

Physical Requirements of Beam Defining Systems for Medium Distance Teletherapy Units

Physical Requirements of Beam Defining Systems for Medium Distance Teletherapy Units

Direct nucleophilic functionalization of C(sp2)–H-bonds in arenes and hetarenes by electrochemical methods

Gamma radiation shielding and health physics characteristics of diaspore-flyash concretes

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Product

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Direct nucleophilic functionalization of C(sp²)–H-bonds in arenes and hetarenes by electrochemical methods