SCC of 2304 Duplex Stainless Steel—Microstructure, Residual Stress and Surface Grinding Effects

Zhou, Nana; Peng, Ru Lin; Schönning, Mikael; Pettersson, Rachel

doi:10.3390/ma10030221

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It is possible that this extensive micro‐pitting may have contributed to suppression of macro‐cracking, for example, by counteracting localization of attack to crack sites or by causing blunting of any developed incipient cracks. This could partly explain why these ferritic steels appear more resistant to SCC than the austenitic or duplex steels investigated in …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The formation of micro‐pitting was observed to occur preferentially in areas with highest tensile residual stress of a Grade 448 pipeline steel in neutral pH aqueous soil environment; while little pitting or general corrosion occurred on surfaces with compressive residual stresses . Zhou et al demonstrated that the grinding induced surface tensile residual stresses increased susceptibility to SCC in boiling magnesium chloride for both 304L austenitic stainless steel and 2304 duplex stainless steel …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the actual stress in the specimen surface may deviate appreciably from the calculated values obtained by using the formula in the standards. The presence of residual stresses from surface grinding have been demonstrated to largely affect the actual surface stresses when loading both the 304L austenitic stainless steel and 2304 duplex stainless steels . In some cases, testing in the overstrained condition is needed, thus the applied loading is outside the range for which the calculation formula is valid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of surface grinding on corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steels in boiling magnesium chloride solution

Zhou

Pettersson

Schönning

et al. 2018

Materials & Corrosion

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The influence of grinding operations on surface properties and corrosion behavior of a ferritic stainless steel (FSS), EN 1.4509, has been investigated and limited comparisons also made to the grade EN 1.4622. Surface grinding was performed along the rolling direction of the material. Corrosion tests were conducted in boiling magnesium chloride solution according to ASTM G36; specimens were exposed both without external loading and under four‐point bend loading. The surface topography and cross‐section microstructure before and after exposure were investigated, and residual stresses were measured on selected specimens before and after corrosion tests using X‐ray diffraction. In addition, in situ surface stress measurements were performed to evaluate the actual surface stresses of specimens subject to four‐point bend loading according to ASTM G39. Micro‐pits showing branched morphology initiated from the highly deformed ground surface layer which contained fragmented grains, were observed for all the ground specimens but not those in the as‐delivered condition. Grain boundaries under the surface layer appeared to hinder the corrosion process. No macro‐cracking was found on any specimen after exposure even at high calculated applied loads.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of surface grinding on corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steels in boiling magnesium chloride solution

Zhou

Pettersson

Schönning

et al. 2018

Materials & Corrosion

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“…Rasmussen et al [18] showed the wear of the rails after grinding hardening proceeded through cracks developing at the martensite/pearlite interface. Grinding induced surface tensile residual stresses were found to be the main factor causing the formation of micro-cracks on ground surfaces of 2304 duplex stainless steel during exposure with or without external loading [19]. Grinding with work-hardening of the surface layer can be an alternative method of grinding that will eliminate the disadvantages associated with grinding hardening.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of the Depth of Cut in Single-Pass Grinding on the Microstructure and Properties of the C45 Steel Surface Layer

et al. 2020

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The paper contains the results of a metallographic examination and nanoindentation test conducted for the medium carbon structural steel with low content of Mn, Si, Cu, Cr, and Ni after its grinding to a depth ranging from 2 μm to 20 μm, at constant cutting speed (peripheral speed) of vs = 25 ms−1 and constant feed rate of vft = 1 m/min. Applied grinding parameters did not cause the surface layer hardening, which could generate an unfavorable stress distribution. The increase in the surface hardness was obtained due to the work hardening effect. Microstructure, phase composition, and chemical composition of the grinded surface layer were examined using an X-ray diffractometer, light microscope, and scanning microscope equipped with X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. Hardness on the grinded surface and on the cross-section was also determined. It was shown that the grinding of C45 steel causes work hardening of its surface layer without phase transformation. What is more, only grinding to a depth of 20 μm caused the formation of an oxide scale on the work-hardened surface layer. Nanoindentation test on the cross-section, at a short distance from the grinded surface, has shown that ferrite grains were more susceptible to work hardening than pearlite grains due to the creation of an equiaxed cellular microstructure, and that different dislocation substructure was created in the work-hardened surface layer after grinding to different depths.

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“…The developers of such modifications of duplex steel make a choice in favor of improved produce-ability of products. The fundamental features of SDSS ensuring the combination of high-performance mechanical and corrosion characteristics are the optimal ratio of the austenitic and ferritic phases close to 1:1 [8][9][10][11][12], high degree of dispersion and mixing [13]. However, the possibility of precipitation of chromium carbides and intermetallic phases, first of all, the sigma phase during slow cooling indicates the potential danger of brittle fracture.…”

Section: Retrospective Review Of Super Duplex Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New approach to development and manufacturing technologies of duplex steel

et al. 2019

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We conducted a brief review of current production and application of duplex and super duplex steels for manufacture of equipment exposed to the hazard of sulphide stress-corrosion cracking, sea water and other corrosive environment. The super duplex steel with enhanced corrosion-mechanical characteristics in comparison with the known steels of austenitic-ferritic class was developed. Based on the concepts of formation of a special structure of two-phase austenitic-ferritic steels in the process of crystallization, the possibilities of compositional, technological, thermal and special impact techniques are considered and advanced ways of controlling physical, chemical, structural homogeneity and properties of super duplex steels are developed. Electroslag remelting with the application of low-frequency alternating current provides effective control over the length of the two-phase area, the size of the primary dendrites of the austenitic and ferritic phases, the average distance between their axes, the parameters of the crystallizing cell, the development of liquation phenomena and the size of the growing non-metallic phases. Within framework of the proposed approach, the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions for the formation and growth of hardening phases are assessed, a new composition and a complex technology for the manufacture of corrosion-resistant super duplex steels for gas and oil production equipment has been developed. Thermodynamically stable, having sizes of 30-300 nm, niobium nitrides and carbonitrides are located inside the grains of the ferritic phase. At the same time, the sigma phase and chromium carbide precipitates at the intergrain boundaries are not observed. The results of the determination of mechanical and corrosion properties in accordance with the NACE TM 0177 standard (method A), tests of corrosion witness-samples in field conditions demonstrate the advantages and prospects of using new super duplex steel for the manufacture of oil and gas production equipment operating in an environment with high H2S content and CO2 under significant mechanical loads, without the risk of brittle fracture.

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SCC of 2304 Duplex Stainless Steel—Microstructure, Residual Stress and Surface Grinding Effects

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

Influence of surface grinding on corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steels in boiling magnesium chloride solution

Influence of surface grinding on corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steels in boiling magnesium chloride solution

The Influence of the Depth of Cut in Single-Pass Grinding on the Microstructure and Properties of the C45 Steel Surface Layer

New approach to development and manufacturing technologies of duplex steel

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