CT imaging was undertaken on the skull of ϳ 20-Myr-old Miocene Tremacebus harringtoni. Here we report our observations on the relative size of the olfactory fossa and its implications for the behavior of Tremacebus. The endocranial surface of Tremacebus is incomplete, making precise estimate of brain size and olfactory fossa size imprecise. However, olfactory fossa breadth and maximum endocranial breadth measured from CT images of one catarrhine species and eight platyrrhine species for which volumes of the olfactory bulb and brain are known show that the osteological proxies give a reasonably accurate indication of relative olfactory bulb size. Nocturnal Aotus has the largest relative olfactory fossa breadth and the largest olfactory bulb volume compared to brain volume among extant anthropoids. Tremacebus had a much smaller olfactory fossa breadth and, by inference, bulb volumewithin the range of our sample of diurnal anthropoids. Variations in the relative size of the olfactory bulbs in platyrrhines appear to relate to the importance of olfaction in daily behaviors. Aotus has the largest olfactory bulbs among platyrrhines and relies more on olfactory cues when foraging than Cebus, Callicebus, or Saguinus. As in other examples of nocturnal versus diurnal primates, nocturnality may have been the environmental factor that selected for this difference in Aotus, although communication and other behaviors are also likely to select for olfactory variation in diurnal anthropoids. Considering the olfactory fossa size of Tremacebus, olfactory ability of this Miocene monkey was probably not as sensitive as in Aotus and counts against the hypothesis that Tremacebus was nocturnal. This finding accords well with previous observations that the orbits of Tremacebus are not as large as nocturnal Aotus. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: nocturnality; olfaction; Platyrrhini; Anthropoidea; Miocene Among extant Anthropoidea, the platyrrhine Aotus stands apart as the only wholly or partially nocturnal species (Wright, 1996). Anatomical and genetic evidence from the visual system suggests that crown Anthropoidea were diurnal and that the nocturnal habits of Aotus are secondarily acquired (Martin, 1973(Martin, , 1979(Martin, , 1990Cartmill, 1980;Jacobs et al., 1996;Ross, 1996Ross, , 2000. The antiquity of the diurnal to nocturnal transition in Aotus is not well understood. A key anatomical marker for nocturnality is an enlarged orbit. Nocturnal primates in general have relatively large orbits but nocturnal haplorhines (Tarsius and Aotus) have comparatively enormous ones, proportionately larger than nocturnal strepsirrhines of comparable size