Schedule-induced air licking in rats

Mendelson, Joseph; Chillag, Dana

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(70)90263-5

Cited by 61 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Finally, the most obvious similarity is topographical; pawgrooming and drinking share a common motor component-licking. This latter similarity, together with the previous finding of schedule-induced air licking (Mendelson & Chillag, 1970), strongly suggests that repetitive licking is a pervasive form of induced behavior in rats.…”

Section: Pawgroomingsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In particular, together with the previous reports of induced air-licking (e.g., Mendelson & Chillag, 1970), the topographical similarity between pawgrooming and drinking suggests that intermittent reinforcement selectively enhances multiple forms of licking in the postfood period. Our results raise new questions about the development of multiple adjunctive behaviors and about their relationship to one another.…”

Section: Pawgroomingsupporting

confidence: 65%

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Temporal patterns of schedule-induced drinking and pawgrooming in rats exposed to periodic food

Lawler

Cohen

1992

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Five rats were exposed to fixed-time food schedules, ranging from 30 to 480 sec. Three rats displayed a postfood pattern of schedule-induced drinking, with short latencies from food delivery to drinking at all interfood interval durations. In contrast, drinking for the other 2 subjects tended to occur at lower overall levels, and drinking bouts frequently began in the middle of the interfood interval, such that the latency from food delivery to drinking increased dramatically as the interfood interval increased. Observation of these 2 subjects revealed that another form of licking-pawgrooming-occurred reliably after food delivery and before drinking bouts. A betweensubject comparison of the 3 postfood drinkers and the 2 pawgroomers revealed that, in addition to a common topography (repetitive licking), pawgrooming and drinking were similar with respect to their temporal locus, relation to the interfood interval, and extinction baseline levels. These similarities suggest that drinking and pawgrooming are induced by a common mechanism. Cohen, Looney, Campagnoni, and Lawler's (1985) two-state model of reinforcer-induced motivation provides a useful framework for the interpretation of these results.When hungry rats receive small portions of food intermittently, distinctive behaviors emerge in the period following each food delivery. These behaviors include excessive drinking, chewing and ingesting nonfood substances (pica), attack, general locomotor activity, and responding to change the stimuli associated with the food schedule (time-out responding) (Falk, 1971(Falk, , 1981Killeen, 1975;Staddon, 1977). Falk (1971) coined the term adjunctive to call attention to similarities among these behaviors, and to distinguish them from instances of classical or operant conditioning. The temporal locus of adjunctive behaviors has been particularly important to speculations that they reflect an arousing (Cantor, 1981;Cook, Wallace, & Singer, 1983;Killeen, 1975;Wayner, 1970) or aversive (Azrin, Hutchinson, & Hake, 1966;Rosellini, 1985;Staddon, 1977) Cohen, Looney, Campagnoni, and Lawler (1985) and Campagnoni, Lawler, and Cohen (1986) reported interesting differences in the temporal properties of several schedule-induced (adjunctive) behaviors in pigeons. They found that attack is reactive, occurring immediately postfood and reaching peak levels at the same absolute time (5-10 sec after food delivery), regardless of the overall length of the interfood interval. In contrast, three other induced behaviors, increased general activity, time-out responding, and movement away from the food site, occur after attack and exhibit scalar (proportional) timing (Gibbon, 1977). In other words, the onset of these activities depends on the overall interval between food deliveries, that is, they reach peak levels at the same relative point (25 %-35 % of the interfood interval) after food. Cohen et al. (1985) have proposed a two-state model of reinforcer-induced motivation as a way of interpreting these results. The model states that differences ...

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Section: Pawgroomingsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Pawgroomingsupporting

confidence: 65%

Temporal patterns of schedule-induced drinking and pawgrooming in rats exposed to periodic food

Lawler

Cohen

1992

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Polydipsia (excessive drinking) is often considered the prototypical example of adjunctive behavior (Falk, 1961(Falk, , 1969Roper, 1981). However, scheduleinduced increases have been reported in several other responses, including wheel-running (King, 1974;Levitsky & Collier, 1968), wood-chewing (Killeen, 1975;Roper, 1978), drug consumption (Lang, Latiff, McQueen, & Singer, 1977;Oei & Singer, 1979;Takahashi, Singer, & Oei, 1978), and air-licking (Mendelson & Chillag, 1970) in rats, aggression in monkeys and pigeons (Hutchinson, Azrin, & Hunt, 1968;Yobum & Cohen, 1979), and pacing and cigarette smoking in humans (Wallace & Singer, 1976).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjunctive behavior of the rat under periodic food delivery in a 24-hour environment

Lucas

Timberlake

Gawley

1988

Animal Learning & Behavior

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The behavior of 4 rats living in complex environments was monitored 24 h per day during freefeeding baseline and under conditions of periodic access to food. Under the periodic schedules, the minimum interfood interval (IFI) was increased from 16 to 512 sec in an ascending series. Periodic food produced robust overall increases in investigation of the feeder, drinking, general activity, and rearing, but not in wheel-running. The temporal distribution of behavior within the IFI was similar across subjects and supported the hypothesis that some responses were largely time-locked to the period immediately following eating, while other responses expanded to fill the interval. However, these response differences were not adequately captured by present classification schemes. Finally, the distribution of drinking following a food pellet strongly resembled the distribution of drinking following bouts of feeding in baseline. The results suggest that adjunctive behavior stems from three sources: (1) a simple increase in the number of opportunities for expression of normal preprandial and postprandial behavior, (2)an increase in the preprandial behavior directed toward the site of expected food, and (3) an increase in the postprandial distribution of both site-directed and more general exploratory behavior. These findings suggest that adjunctive behavior is not extraneous, but is an orderly distribution of responses ordinarily related to feeding and foraging for food.

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“…The present experiment provided rats with an opportunity to engage in a drinking activity that circumvents this problem. Both air- (Mendelson and Chillag, 1970) and nitrogen-licking (Taylor and Lester, 1969) few sessions with food reinforcement. Consequently, they were water deprived for 23 hr before each session.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPACED FOOD BUT NOT ELECTRICAL BRAIN STIMULATION INDUCES POLYDIPSIA AND AIR LICKING¹

Ramer

Wilkie

1977

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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An attempt was made to induce polydipsia in rats whose lever pressing was reinforced with food pellets or electrical brain stimulation. Nine If food-deprived but water-sated rats receive small dry-food reinforcers that are temporally spaced, they will often drink as much as or more than their normal daily intake of water in a period of a few hours. This high rate of consumption, labelled "schedule-induced polydipsia" (SIP), appears to result from the rat's drinking a small draught (about 0.5 ml) after most of numerous pellet deliveries (Falk, 1961). (See Falk, 1964, 1971, 1972 for reviews of the literature on this effect).One recent line of research on SIP has attempted to isolate the factors associated with reinforcer deliveries that produce drinking. Food reinforcers have several properties: reinforcing, discriminative (signalling reinforcement unavailability under periodic schedules, for example), and eliciting (taste, chewing, etc.). The general strategy in this line of research has been to ascertain if reinforcers other than dry food induce SIP. Differences between

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Schedule-induced air licking in rats

Cited by 61 publications

References 8 publications

Temporal patterns of schedule-induced drinking and pawgrooming in rats exposed to periodic food

Temporal patterns of schedule-induced drinking and pawgrooming in rats exposed to periodic food

Adjunctive behavior of the rat under periodic food delivery in a 24-hour environment

SPACED FOOD BUT NOT ELECTRICAL BRAIN STIMULATION INDUCES POLYDIPSIA AND AIR LICKING¹

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Schedule-induced air licking in rats

Cited by 61 publications

References 8 publications

Temporal patterns of schedule-induced drinking and pawgrooming in rats exposed to periodic food

Temporal patterns of schedule-induced drinking and pawgrooming in rats exposed to periodic food

Adjunctive behavior of the rat under periodic food delivery in a 24-hour environment

SPACED FOOD BUT NOT ELECTRICAL BRAIN STIMULATION INDUCES POLYDIPSIA AND AIR LICKING1

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SPACED FOOD BUT NOT ELECTRICAL BRAIN STIMULATION INDUCES POLYDIPSIA AND AIR LICKING¹