Scheduling of fault-tolerant embedded systems with soft and hard timing constraints

Izosimov, Viacheslav; Pop, Paul; Eles, Petru; Peng, Zebo

doi:10.1145/1403375.1403596

Cited by 39 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In the related literature, various implementations of time-redundancy systems have been considered (e.g., [1][2] [3][5] [6]). These various implementations differ in energy management technique, recovery execution policy, and slack time management.…”

Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Energy Standby-Sparing for Hard Real-Time Systems

Ejlali

Al-Hashimi

Eles

2012

IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst.

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Abstract-Time-redundancy techniques are commonly used in real-time systems to achieve fault tolerance without incurring high energy overhead. However, reliability requirements of hard real-time systems that are used in safety-critical applications are so stringent that time-redundancy techniques are sometimes unable to achieve them. Standby sparing as a hardwareredundancy technique can be used to meet high reliability requirements of safety-critical applications. However, conventional standby-sparing techniques are not suitable for lowenergy hard real-time systems as they either impose considerable energy overheads or are not proper for hard timing constraints. In this paper we provide a technique to use standby sparing for hard real-time systems with limited energy budgets. The principal contribution of this work is an online energymanagement technique which is specifically developed for standby-sparing systems that are used in hard real-time applications. This technique operates at runtime and exploits dynamic slacks to reduce the energy consumption while guaranteeing hard deadlines. We compared the low-energy standby-sparing (LESS) system with a low-energy timeredundancy system (from a previous work). The results show that for relaxed time constraints, the LESS system is more reliable and provides about 26% energy saving as compared to the time-redundancy system. For tight deadlines when the timeredundancy system is not sufficiently reliable (for safety-critical application), the LESS system preserves its reliability but with about 49% more energy consumption.

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Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Energy Standby-Sparing for Hard Real-Time Systems

Ejlali

Al-Hashimi

Eles

2012

IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst.

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“…The selection is driven by one or multiple objective functions reflecting concrete design expectations under given constraints [IPEP05,IPEP08]. Usually, such problems of RTESs are of huge complexities, to which it is impossible to find the optimal solutions.…”

Section: Embedded System Design 11mentioning

confidence: 99%

Security-Driven Design of Real-Time Embedded Systems

Jiang¹

2016

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R eal-time embedded systems (RTESs) have been widely used in modern society. And it is also very common to find them in safety and security critical applications, such as transportation and medical equipment. There are, usually, several constraints imposed on a RTES, for example, timing, resource, energy, and performance, which must be satisfied simultaneously. This makes the design of such systems a difficult problem.More recently, the security of RTESs emerges as a major design concern, as more and more attacks have been reported. However, RTES security, as a parameter to be considered during the design process, has been overlooked in the past. This thesis approaches the design of secure RTESs focusing on aspects that are particularly important in the context of RTES, such as communication confidentiality and side-channel attack resistance.Several techniques are presented in this thesis for designing secure RTESs, including hardware/software co-design techniques for communication confidentiality on distributed platforms, a global framework for secure multi-mode real-time systems, and a scheduling policy for thwarting differential power analysis attacks.All the proposed solutions have been extensively evaluated in a large amount of experiments, including two real-life case studies, which demonstrate the efficiency of the presented techniques.The research presented in this thesis has been funded by CUGS (the National Graduate School in Computer Science in Sweden) and VR (the Swedish Research Council).v Populärvetenskaplig Sammanfattning I nbyggda realtidssystem används idag i stor utsträckning i vårt moderna samhälle. Detär mycket vanligt att hitta dem i säker-hetskritiska tillämpningar såsom transport-och medicinsk utrustning. Vanligtvis har inbyggda realtidssystem flera designbegränsningar och krav gällande till exempel timing, resurser, energi och prestanda, som måste vara uppfyllda samtidigt. Detta gör utformningen av sådana system till ett mycket svårt problem.Under senare tid har säkerheten i inbyggda realtidssystem blivit en viktig konstruktionsaspekt eftersom fler och fler attacker har rapporterats. Tidigare har säkerhetskraven i inbyggda realtidssystem inte betraktats som designparametrar under själva designprocessen. Denna avhandling fokuserar bland annat på utformningen av säkra inbyggda system, huvudsakligen på aspekter somär särskilt viktiga i samband med realtidssystem, till exempel kommunikationssekretess och motstånd mot sidokanalattacker.I denna avhandling presenteras tre olika tekniker för att utforma säkra inbyggda realtidssystem. Först en teknik för hård-och mjukvaru co-design för kommunikationssekretess för distribuerade plattformar, sedan ett globalt ramverk för säkra multi-mode system och slutligen en schemaläggningspolicy för motstånd mot sidokanalattacker.Samtliga de föreslagna lösningarna har utvärderats i stor omfattning med en stor mängd experiment, inklusive två fallstudier som visar effektiviteten hos de presenterade teknikerna.vii

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“…One line of previous work mainly focused on optimizing different fault tolerance techniques, while considering error detection as a black box: [KHM03], [IPEP05], [IPEP06], [IPEP08], [IPP + 09]. In [KHM03], the authors present an approach to construct fault-tolerant schedules with sufficient slack to accommodate recovery and re-execution of at most one faulty task in a system period.…”

Section: Fault-tolerant Schedulingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hardware/Software Codesign of Embedded Systems with Reconfigurable and Heterogeneous Platforms

Lifa¹

2015

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M odern applications running on today's embedded systems have very high requirements. Most often, these requirements have many dimensions: the applications need high performance as well as flexibility, energyefficiency as well as real-time properties, fault tolerance as well as low cost. In order to meet these demands, the industry is adopting architectures that are more and more heterogeneous and that have reconfiguration capabilities. Unfortunately, this adds to the complexity of designing streamlined applications that can leverage the advantages of such architectures.In this context, it is very important to have appropriate tools and design methodologies for the optimization of such systems. This thesis addresses the topic of hardware/software codesign and optimization of adaptive real-time systems implemented on reconfigurable and heterogeneous platforms. We focus on performance enhancement for dynamically reconfigurable FPGA-based systems, energy minimization in multi-mode real-time systems implemented on heterogeneous platforms, and codesign techniques for fault-tolerant systems.The solutions proposed in this thesis have been validated by extensive experiments, ranging from computer simulations to proof of concept implementations on real-life platforms. The results have confirmed the importance of the addressed aspects and the applicability of our techniques for design optimization of modern embedded systems. v vi Populärvetenskaplig Sammanfattning I dag är inbyggda system vanligt förekommande och deras antal fortsätter att öka. De används inom en mängd olika domäner, t.ex. hemelektronik, fordonsindustri, flygelektronik, medicin, etc., och de hittas nästan överallt omkring oss: från våra telefoner, bärbara datorer och tvättmaskiner till våra bilar. De applikationer som körs på dessa system har flera olika ökande krav: högprestanda, energieffektivitet, flexibilitet, feltolerans, realtidsegenskaper, och naturligtvis låg kostnad. För att kunna uppfylla dessa krav har industrin anammat arkitekturer som är mer och mer heterogena och som har omkonfigureringsmöjligheter. Olyckligtvis ökar detta komplexiteten när man ska utforma effektiva inbyggda system. I detta sammanhang blir det av yttersta betydelse att utveckla effektiva optimeringsmetoder och verktyg.Dagens applikationer består av en blandning av mjukvarukomponenter som har mycket olika energi-och prestandaegenskaper beroende på vilka hårdvaruenheter där de körs på, vilket gör dem lämpliga för heterogena plattformar. En heterogen plattform består av olika typer av hårdvaruen-heter, var och en med sina egenskaper, som riktar sig till vissa tillämpn-ingsområden. Under det senaste decenniet har utvecklingen av rekonfigurerbara hårdvarutekniker accelererat, vilket bidrar till den ökande populariteten för fältprogrammerbara grindmatriser (FPGA). Idag, ger hård-varutillverkare stöd för partiell dynamisk omkonfigurering; detta innebär att delar av en FPGA kan konfigureras vid run-time, medan andra delar förblir fullt fungerande. Dessa tekniska framsteg har...

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Scheduling of fault-tolerant embedded systems with soft and hard timing constraints

Abstract: In this paper we present an approach to the synthesis of fault-tolerant

Cited by 39 publications

References 14 publications

Low-Energy Standby-Sparing for Hard Real-Time Systems

Low-Energy Standby-Sparing for Hard Real-Time Systems

Security-Driven Design of Real-Time Embedded Systems

Hardware/Software Codesign of Embedded Systems with Reconfigurable and Heterogeneous Platforms

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