The
continued increase of global energy demand, depletion of fossil
fuel, and deteriorated environmental conditions have triggered the
need to search for potential sources of renewable energy. Biodiesel
has been widely recognized to have promising potential. Nonetheless,
it is critical to ensure the sustainability of biodiesel production
to protect humans and conserve the environment, while achieving economic
viability. From the sustainability point of view, it would be more
effective to promote the sustainability feature in a process during
the design stage rather than at the latter operational stage due to
reduced engineering effort and cost. In this paper, a systematic framework
for sustainability assessment of biodiesel production pathways during
preliminary engineering stage is developed. In preliminary engineering
stage, the major process modules (unit operations) with their main
process streams are conceptualized in a process flow diagram (PFD).
With the PFD, the data on mass and energy balance also become available
to the users. With the input data from the PFD, the evaluation is
based on the multiple objectives of inherent safety, health and environmental
properties, as well as economic performance. Since multiple and conflicting
objectives are involved, a fuzzy optimization approach is adapted
into the framework. The overall framework is comprised of several
major steps, i.e. process simulation, development of a mathematical
optimization model, and production pathway optimization and ranking.
To illustrate the proposed framework, an assessment is performed to
identify the most optimal biodiesel production pathway among four
pathways selected from a previous assessment study conducted during
the research and development stage.