Schistosoma haematobium infection patterns in the Rahad Irrigation Scheme, Sudan

Elias, E. A.; Daffalla, Asim Abdelrahman; Lassen, JM; Madsen, Henry; Christensen, N. Ø.

doi:10.1016/0001-706x(94)90051-5

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…We note several limitations of this study. First of all, females were underrepresented, particularly in some studies [ 41 , 56 , 69 , 71 , 74 , 84 , 90 , 91 ] which may imply a sampling bias in the study designs themselves, which we could not overcome. Additionally, here we focus on infection intensity and infection prevalence, and do not investigate this relationship with the prevalence of morbidity, where there is some evidence to suggest in cases such as gential schistosomiasis, that females shoulder the burden of morbidity more so than males [ 92 , 93 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water-associated behaviors are possibly similar for very young males and females thereby leading to M:F prevalence of infection ratios closer to one. Whilst our initial aim had been to report data dis-aggregated by sex and age, we however found only 13 studies [20,23,29,44,45,55,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87], that reported prevalence of infection data in males and females, stratified by age. This was not a sufficient number of studies, or a sufficient level of detail, to conduct a robust analysis.…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Background Schistosomiasis remains a global-health problem with over 90% of its burden concentrated in Africa. Field studies reflect the complex ways in which socio-cultural and socio-economic variables, affect the distribution of Schistosoma infections across different populations. This review set out to systematically investigate and quantify the differences in Schistosoma infection burdens between males and females in Africa for two of the most prevalent Schistosoma species—Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. Methodology We searched (from inception to 11th March 2020) Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science for relevant studies on schistosomiasis. We included studies that report S. mansoni and/or S. haematobium prevalence and/or intensity data distributed between males and females. We conducted meta-analyses on the male to female (M:F) prevalence of infection ratios. Subgroup analyses were performed according to study baseline prevalence, sample size and the lower and upper age limit of study participants. We also present a descriptive analysis of differential risk and intensity of infection across males and females. Evidence for differences in the prevalence of schistosomiasis infection between males and females is presented, stratified by Schistosoma species. Result We identified 128 relevant studies, with over 200,000 participants across 23 countries. Of all the reported differences in the prevalence of infection between males and females, only 41% and 34% were statistically significant for S. mansoni and S. haematobium, respectively. Similar proportions of studies (27% and 34% for for S. haematobium and S. mansoni, respectively) of the reported differences in intensity of infection between males and females were statistically significant. The meta-analyses summarized a higher prevalence of infection in males; pooled random-effects weighted M:F prevalence of infection ratios were 1.20 (95% CI 1.11–1.29) for S. haematobium and 1.15 (95% CI 1.08–1.22) for S. mansoni. However, females are underrespresented in some of the studies. Additionally, there was significant heterogeneity across studies (Higgins I2 statistic (p-values < 0.001, I2values>95%)). Results of the subgroup analysis showed that the baseline prevalence influenced the M:F prevalence ratios for S. haematobium and S. mansoni, with higher M:F prevalence of infection ratios in settings with a lower baseline prevalence of infection. Across the studies, we identified four major risk factors associated with infection rates: occupational and recreational water contact, knowledge, socio-economic factors and demographic factors. The effect of these risk factors on the burden of infection in males and females varied across studies. Conclusions We find evidence of differences in prevalence of infection between males and females which may reflect differences in gender norms and water contact activities, suggesting that policy changes at the regional level may help ameliorate gender-related disparities in schistosomiasis infection burden. Collecting, robustly analysing, and reporting, sex-disaggregated epidemiological data, is currently lacking, but would be highly informative for planning effective treatment programmes and establishing those most at risk of schistosomiasis infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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“…Requirements of an increasing population and development lead to large scale water impoundment for electricity and irrigation which can result in increased transmission of parasitic diseases (Hunter et al, 1993; Kay, 1990). Dams have led to the increase or introduction to new areas of urinary schistosomiasis in Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Namibia, Senegal and Sudan (Hunter et al, 1993; Elias et al, 1994; Southgate, 1997; N’Goran et al, 1997). S. mansoni has been introduced to new areas in Ghana, Mali, Uganda, Senegal (WHO, 1985; Southgate, 1997; Brinkmann et al, 1985).…”

Section: Population Increases and Water Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global status of schistosomiasis and its control

et al. 2000

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Schistosomiasis is being successfully controlled in many countries but remains a major public health problem, with an estimated 200 million people infected, mostly in Africa. Few countries in this region have undertaken successful and sustainable control programmes. The construction of water schemes to meet the power and agricultural requirements for development have lead to increasing transmission, especially of Schistosoma mansoni. Increasing population and movement have contributed to increased transmission and introduction of schistosomiasis to new areas. Most endemic countries are among the least developed whose health systems face difficulties to provide basic care at the primary health level. Constraints to control include, the lack of political commitment and infrastructure for public health interventions. Another constraint is that available anti-schistosomal drugs are expensive and the cost of individual treatment is a high proportion of the per capita drug budgets. There is need for increased support for schistosomiasis control in the most severely affected countries.

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“…A survey of literature shows a few prominent examples on the African continent. These include a reported increase in the abundance of snail hosts of bilharzia following the construction of irrigation projects in the Nile Delta (Garfield, 1986), dams in Senegal (Ernould, Ba, & Sellin, 1999;Talla et al, 1990) and an increase or introduction of new areas of urinary schistosomiasis following the construction of dams and irrigation projects meant to improve water security in Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Namibia, and Sudan (see Elias, Daffala, Lassen, Madsen, & Christensen, 1994;Hunter, Rey, Chu, Adekolu-John, & Mott, 1993;Southgate, 1997). Other related examples are highlighted in studies by Chitsulo, Engels, Montresor, and Savioli (2000) in Malawi and Wilmott (1987) in middle and upper Egypt.…”

Section: Schistosomiasis Prevalence In Zomba Southern Malawimentioning

confidence: 99%

Schistosomiasis prevalence in Zomba, Southern Malawi

Pullanikkatil¹,

Mubako

Phalira³

et al. 2014

African Geographical Review

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A large proportion of Malawi's more than 13 million people live in rural areas where major livelihood activities include subsistence farming, irrigation and fishing. Therefore the villagers have contact with water, which exposes them to schistosomes. In this case study, surveys and parasitological investigations were conducted to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis and to explore the relationship between disease prevalence and selected qualitative variables in five villages located in Zomba District in Lake Chilwa Basin. The study revealed a high prevalence, ranging from 23% in Machemba village to 49% in Mukhweya village. Children, 6-15 years old, were the most heavily infested (40%), and the 0-5 years group the least. A high prevalence was observed among school children (39%), and occupations such as irrigated farming (26%) and fishing (24%). Analyses at the 0.05 α-level revealed statistically significant associations between schistosomiasis prevalence and village of residence, age group and occupation type, but there was insufficient evidence to suggest a significant relationship with gender. Based on these findings, targeted awareness and mass treatment programmes were implemented in all the villages, and 9085 people were treated.

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Schistosoma haematobium infection patterns in the Rahad Irrigation Scheme, Sudan

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The global status of schistosomiasis and its control

Schistosomiasis prevalence in Zomba, Southern Malawi

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