Schistosomiasis among Young Children in Usoma, Kenya

Verani, Jennifer R.; Abudho, Bernard; Montgomery, Susan P.; Mwinzi, Pauline N. M.; Shane, Hillary L.; Butler, Sara E.; Karanja, Diana M. S.; Secor, W. Evan

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0685

Cited by 62 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Schistosoma mansoni and STH prevalence in our study sample were high and comparable to levels found in other studies of similarly aged children in areas where praziquantel MDA has not been implemented 5,6,23 ; although infection intensity is not a direct indicator of morbidity, its consistent association with disease consequences and easily quantified outcomes maintain its use in monitoring program impact.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…5,32 The positive association between S. mansoni and P. falciparum infections has been found in many studies 5,33,34 and may be driven by immunologic factors. [35][36][37] Anemia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This cross-sectional study was conducted in schools within 5 km of Lake Victoria in Nyanza Province of Kenya where prior studies had identified a high prevalence of schistosomiasis and STH infections. 5,23 Though MDAs for STHs have been carried out in the area, no prior MDAs for schistosomiasis had been performed. As part of the larger SCORE project, 300 schools were evaluated for eligibility.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 In endemic areas, initial infection is acquired at a young age. Verani and others 5 found that 14% of 1-year-old children along the Kenyan shores of Lake Victoria were Schistosoma mansoni positive, whereas Odogwu and others 6 found a prevalence of 47.4% in children 3 years of age around Lake Victoria in Uganda. The prevalence of infection in schoolaged children in these areas can be as high as 86-90% 7 ; in the absence of treatment, infection can persist for years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Schistosoma mansoni Morbidity among School-Aged Children: A SCORE Project in Kenya

Samuels

Matey²,

Mwinzi³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Schistosomiasis control programs aim to reduce morbidity but are evaluated by infection prevalence and intensity reduction. We present baseline cross-sectional data from a nested cohort study comparing indicators of morbidity for measuring program impact. Eight hundred twenty-two schoolchildren 7-8 years of age from Nyanza Province, Kenya, contributed stool for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and blood smears for malaria, and were evaluated for anemia, quality of life, exercise tolerance, anthropometry, and ultrasound abnormalities. Schistosoma mansoni, STH, and malaria infection prevalence were 69%, 25%, and 8%, respectively. Only anemia and S. mansoni infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.70; confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-2.80), and hepatomegaly and heavy S. mansoni infection (aOR = 2.21; CI = 1.19-4.11) were associated. Though anemia and hepatomegaly appeared most useful at baseline, additional morbidity indicators may be sensitive longitudinal measures to evaluate schistosomiasis program health impact.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…5,32 The positive association between S. mansoni and P. falciparum infections has been found in many studies 5,33,34 and may be driven by immunologic factors. [35][36][37] Anemia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Schistosoma mansoni Morbidity among School-Aged Children: A SCORE Project in Kenya

Samuels

Matey²,

Mwinzi³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Self Cite

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“…14 With more sensitive testing, there is greater evidence that Schistosoma infection begins in very early childhood. [15][16][17] While children under 5 years are not yet included in WHO preventive chemotherapy protocols, 18 anti-schistosomal treatment with praziquantel for preschool children could be easily synergized with the ongoing STH early childhood strategies for the prevention of anemia. 18 The aim of this study was to use more in-depth laboratory testing to identify the most likely mechanisms for anemia among children in a resource-limited area endemic for multiple chronic parasitic infections, with the goal of informing local and regional choices for management of early childhood anemias.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia Among Children Exposed to Polyparasitism in Coastal Kenya

Cojulun

Bustinduy

Sutherland

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Anemia represents a substantial problem for children living in areas with limited resources and significant parasite burden. We performed a cross-sectional study of 254 Kenyan preschool-and early school-age children in a setting endemic for multiple chronic parasitic infections to explore mechanisms of their anemia. Complete venous blood cell counts revealed a high prevalence of local childhood anemia (79%). Evaluating the potential links between low hemoglobin and socioeconomic factors, nutritional status, hemoglobinopathy, and/or parasite infection, we identified age < 9 years (odds ratio [OR]: 12.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.4, 33) and the presence of asymptomatic malaria infection (OR: 6.8, 95% CI: 2.1, 22) as the strongest independent correlates of having anemia. A total of 130/155 (84%) of anemic children with iron studies had evidence of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), 16% had non-IDA; 50/52 of additionally tested anemic children met soluble transferrin-receptor (sTfR) criteria for combined anemia of inflammation (AI) with IDA. Children in the youngest age group had the greatest odds of iron deficiency (OR: 10.0, 95% CI: 3.9, 26). Although older children aged 9-11 years had less anemia, they had more detectable malaria, Schistosoma infection, hookworm, and proportionately more non-IDA. Anemia in this setting appears multifactorial such that chronic inflammation and iron deficiency need to be addressed together as part of integrated management of childhood anemia.

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Circulating antigen tests and urine reagent strips for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas

Ochodo

Gopalakrishna

Spek

et al. 2015

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

131

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Background Point‐of‐care (POC) tests for diagnosing schistosomiasis include tests based on circulating antigen detection and urine reagent strip tests. If they had sufficient diagnostic accuracy they could replace conventional microscopy as they provide a quicker answer and are easier to use. Objectives To summarise the diagnostic accuracy of: a) urine reagent strip tests in detecting active Schistosoma haematobium infection, with microscopy as the reference standard; and b) circulating antigen tests for detecting active Schistosoma infection in geographical regions endemic for Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium or both , with microscopy as the reference standard. Search methods We searched the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, MEDION, and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) without language restriction up to 30 June 2014. Selection criteria We included studies that used microscopy as the reference standard: for S. haematobium , microscopy of urine prepared by filtration, centrifugation, or sedimentation methods; and for S. mansoni , microscopy of stool by Kato‐Katz thick smear. We included studies on participants residing in endemic areas only. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted data, assessed quality of the data using QUADAS‐2, and performed meta‐analysis where appropriate. Using the variability of test thresholds, we used the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) model for all eligible tests (except the circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) POC for S. mansoni , where the bivariate random‐effects model was more appropriate). We investigated heterogeneity, and carried out indirect comparisons where data were sufficient. Results for sensitivity and specificity are presented as percentages with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Main results We included 90 studies; 88 from field settings in Africa. The median S. haematobium infection prevalence was 41% (range 1% to 89%) and 36% for S. mansoni (range 8% to 95%). Study design and conduct were poorly reported against current standards. Tests for S. haematobium Urine reagent test strips versus microscopy Compared to microscopy, the detection of microhaematuria on test strips had the highest sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity 75%, 95% CI 71% to 79%; specificity 87%, 95% CI 84% to 90%; 74 studies, 102,447 participants). For proteinuria, sensitivity was 61% and specificity was 82% (82,113 participants); and for leukocyturia, sensitivity was 58% and specificity 61% (1532 participants). Howeve...

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Schistosomiasis among Young Children in Usoma, Kenya

Cited by 62 publications

References 21 publications

Schistosoma mansoni Morbidity among School-Aged Children: A SCORE Project in Kenya

Schistosoma mansoni Morbidity among School-Aged Children: A SCORE Project in Kenya

Anemia Among Children Exposed to Polyparasitism in Coastal Kenya

Circulating antigen tests and urine reagent strips for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas

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