Schistosomiasis in infants and pre-school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: implication for control

Abstract

Until recently, the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa have focused primarily on infections in school-aged children and to a lesser extent on adults. Now there is growing evidence and reports of infection in infants and pre-school-aged children (≤ 6 years old) in Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Uganda, with reported prevalence from 14% to 86%. In this review, we provide available information on the epidemiology, transmission and control of schistosomiasis in this age group, generally not considered or included in national schistosomiasis control programmes that are being implemented in several sub-Saharan African countries. Contrary to previous assumptions, we show that schistosomiasis infection starts from early childhood in many endemic communities and factors associated with exposure of infants and pre-school-aged children to infection are yet to be determined. The development of morbidity early in childhood may contribute to long-term clinical impact and severity of schistosomiasis before they receive treatment. Consistently, these issues are overlooked in most schistosomiasis control programmes. It is, therefore, necessary to review current policy of schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa to consider the treatment of infant and pre-school-aged children and the health education to mothers.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Schistosomiasis Among Children in Northern Senegal

“…19,28 Wearing shoes was associated with less schistosomiasis in this study. Alemu et al reported similar results.…”

Schistosomiasis Sustained Control Program in Ethnic Groups Around Ninefescha (Eastern Senegal)

“…These children, who are infected by the parasite, are a source of continuous reinfestation for the community and are therefore those who are likely to benefit the most from the program. 18,20,21 It is difficult to determine the extent to which the treatment is effective in controlling the disease, and what the impact of the currently ongoing health education campaigns and construction of latrines program really is. It is therefore necessary to continue running health and hygiene programs for the village inhabitants because the role of sanitation and hygiene is crucial to interrupt Schistosoma life cycle.…”

Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in Two High-Risk Communities of South Côte d'Ivoire with Particular Emphasis on Pre-School–Aged Children

“…[12][13][14]28,29 It has also been discussed whether preventive chemotherapy should be extended from schoolaged to pre-school-aged children. 27,[30][31][32] However, there are a number of issues that must be addressed before policy recommendations can be made regarding the inclusion of preschoolers in preventive chemotherapy.…”