Schistosomiasis risk factors based on the infection status among school-going children in the Ndumo area, uMkhanyakude district, South Africa

Kabuyaya, Muhubiri; Chimbari, Moses John; Manyangadze, Tawanda; Mukaratirwa, Samson

doi:10.4102/sajid.v32i2.56

Cited by 15 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Our findings suggest that administration of praziquantel once every 2 years according to the WHO recommendation [35] is appropriate for Ndumo area. Females were more affected than males and more likely to have contact with contaminated water than males since fetching water and washing clothes are considered as female duties in the study area [37]. Thirteen years and 14 years old children had the highest rate of heavy infection that decreased with age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of praziquantel on Schistosoma haematobium and re-infection rates among school-going children in the Ndumo area of uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundDespite its low cure rates and possible resistance, praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug available for schistosomiasis treatment. Hence, monitoring its efficacy is crucial. This study assessed the efficacy of PZQ, determined re-infection and incidence rates of Schistosoma haematobium infection among school-going children in the Ndumo area, KwaZulu-Natal.MethodsA cohort of 320 school-going children (10 – 15 years) in 10 primary schools was screened for S. haematobium infection using the filtration technique. Infected children were treated at different times and hence were divided into two sub-cohorts; A1 and A2. Non-infected children constituted the sub-cohort B. Children who continued excreting viable eggs 4 weeks post-treatment received a second dose of PZQ. Re-infection rates were determined in sub-cohort A1 and A2 at 28 and 20 weeks post-treatment, respectively. Cure rates (CR) and egg reduction rates (ERR) were calculated. Incidence rate was assessed 28 weeks post baseline survey using children that were negative for schistosome eggs at that survey. Analysis of data was done using the Chi square and the Wilcoxon rank test. A 95% confidence interval with a P-value < 0.05 determined significance.ResultsAt baseline, 120 (37.5%) of the 320 study participants were found infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Heavy infections accounted for 36.7%. The calculated cure rates were 88.07% and 82.92% for females and males, respectively. Egg Reduction Rates of 80% and 64% for females and males were observed 4 weeks after the initial treatment. After the second treatment, CR was 100% in females and 50% in males with an ERR of 100% in females and 70% in males. At 20 and 28 weeks post treatment, reinfection rates of 8.03% and 8.00% were observed, respectively, giving an overall rate of 8.1%. An incidence rate of 4.1% was observed 28 weeks after the baseline screening.ConclusionsThe study indicated high CR while the ERR was low suggesting a reduced PZQ efficacy. The efficacy improved among females after the second dose. Re-infection rates at 20 and 28 weeks post-treatment were low. The study also indicated a low incidence rate for the 28 weeks period.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0293-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of praziquantel on Schistosoma haematobium and re-infection rates among school-going children in the Ndumo area of uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Risk factors such as access to safe water and sanitary related practices of caregivers and children have been reported to be associated with STH infection [5, 6]. Whilst school aged children (SAC) acquire schistosomiasis by participating in risky water practices [7, 8], preschool aged children (PSAC) are passively exposed to infection when their parents perform daily water-related chores [9, 10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases among preschool aged children (1–5 years) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Despite efforts to control neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases remain widely prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent data suggest that these infections are prevalent among preschool aged children (PSAC) in poor communities. Evidence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection patterns and prevalence among PSAC is essential for effective treatment and control programmes. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, intensity and risk factors of schistosomiasis and STH infection among PSAC in the Ingwavuma area of uMkhanyakude District, South Africa. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1143 PSAC aged 1–5 years in 34 preschools and early childhood development (ECD) centres. Data on risk factors was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the differences in infection intensity with age. Pearson Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were performed to assess the association between PSAC infection status, sociodemographic, household, water and sanitation variables and hygiene practices of PSAC and their caregivers. Results We observed a low prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium (1.0%) and S. mansoni (0.9%). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides (18.3%) was high compared to Trichuris trichiura (1.2%), hookworms (1.6%) and Taenia (6.4%). The odds of schistosome infection were lowest among PSAC under younger (15–24 years) caregivers (0.1, 95% CI : 0.02–0.54) and those who used tap water (0.3, 95% CI : 0.09–0.78) for domestic purposes. Schistosome infection was however higher among PSAC who bathed in river water (17.4, 95% CI : 5.96–51.04). STH infection on the other hand was lowest among PSAC who did not play in soil (0.1, 95% CI : 0.51–0.28), were from households that used tap water for domestic purposes (0.5, 95% CI : 0.27–0.80) and PSAC under the care of younger (25–35 years) caregivers (0.3, 95% CI : 0.10–0.75). The risk of STH infection was highest among PSAC who did not wash their hands with soap (3.5, 95% CI : 1.04–11.67) and PSAC whose nails were not trimmed (3.6, 95% CI : 1.75–7.26). Conclusions The findings show low prevalence and infection intensity of schistosomiasis and STH infection except A. lumbricoides among PSAC. Factors predicting schistosomiasis and STH infection among PSAC were related to caregivers’ age, educational status, water and hygiene practices. STH infection was exclusively associated with PSAC playing and handwashing habits. These findings highli...

show abstract

“…This implies that the risk of contracting schistosomiasis infection from exposure to cercariae infested waters was high [33,34]. Previous studies in the same area reported high prevalence of schistosomiasis among school-going children [11,12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Although schistosomiasis is prevalent in uMkhanyakude [11][12][13], to our knowledge, no structured assessment of psychological determinants that influence the use of safe water sources as a means to reduce risk for schistosomiasis transmission has been conducted. Our study sought to identify the psychosocial factors influencing the use of safe water sources in order to develop a behavioural change intervention for reducing schistosomiasis transmission in Madeya Village in uMkhanyakude district.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextual and Psychosocial Factors Influencing the Use of Safe Water Sources: A Case of Madeya Village, uMkhanyakude District, South Africa

Mulopo

Kalinda

Chimbari

2020

IJERPH

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Schistosomiasis is a public health problem that affects over 240 million people worldwide. It is mostly prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical areas among communities with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This study was conducted in uMkhanyakude District in rural South Africa, where water resources are limited. In this community, individuals frequently come into contact with freshwater bodies for various reasons. The objective of the study was to identify critical contextual and psychosocial factors for behaviour change to reduce risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Madeya Village, uMkhanyakude district. Methods: Structured household interviews were held with 57 primary caregivers to assess their thoughts and attitudes towards collecting water from a safe source. We used the Risk, Attitude, Norm, Ability, and Self-regulation model (RANAS) to estimate the intervention potential for each factor by analysing differences in means between groups of current performers and nonperformers who use safe water sources. Results: The subscale vulnerability belonging to the risk factor on the RANAS was scored as low. Furthermore, attitudinal factors towards the use of safe water sources were found to be low. Ability factors (confidence in performance and confidence in recovery) towards the use of safe water sources were low as well, indicating that these factors should be the target of the intervention in the study area. Discussion: Based on this study, it is recommended that a community-based empowerment intervention strategy it appropriate. The strategy should prompt behavioural practice and public commitment, use persuasive language to boost self-efficacy and target younger low-income caregivers between 18 and 35 years of age.

show abstract

Schistosomiasis risk factors based on the infection status among school-going children in the Ndumo area, uMkhanyakude district, South Africa

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

Efficacy of praziquantel on Schistosoma haematobium and re-infection rates among school-going children in the Ndumo area of uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Efficacy of praziquantel on Schistosoma haematobium and re-infection rates among school-going children in the Ndumo area of uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases among preschool aged children (1–5 years) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

Contextual and Psychosocial Factors Influencing the Use of Safe Water Sources: A Case of Madeya Village, uMkhanyakude District, South Africa

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About