Schizophrenia and Multiple Sclerosis

Stevens, Janice R.

doi:10.1093/schbul/14.2.231

Cited by 48 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(91 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis are distinct clinical entities and have different pathological manifestations, gender ratios, and clinical courses. However, the diseases share a number of epidemiological features (44,45). These include similarities in ages of onset, seasons of birth, and geographic distributions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retroviral RNA identified in the cerebrospinal fluids and brains of individuals with schizophrenia

Karlsson

Bachmann

Schröder

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

328

215

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

S chizophrenia is a pervasive neuropsychiatric disease of uncertain etiology. In the United States, schizophrenia has a lifetime prevalence of greater than 1% and results in the annual expenditure of more than 65 billion dollars (1, 2). Family and adoption studies have demonstrated a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia in individuals who have a first-degree birth relative with this disease, indicating that there is a substantial genetic component in disease pathogenesis. Epidemiological studies have identified a number of environmental factors associated with the development of schizophrenia, including perinatal infections, winter-spring birth, household crowding, and upbringing in urban areas (3, 4). These genetic and environmental findings can be reconciled by the concept that the disease can result from infectious processes occurring in genetically susceptible individuals (5-8).Retroviruses have been hypothesized as one of the infectious agents involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (9-11). Humans can be infected with retroviruses such as strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia virus. These exogenous retroviruses can replicate within the central nervous system and cause neurological and psychiatric symptoms in some infected individuals. The clinical response to infection with HIV is determined, to some extent, by the genetic susceptibility of the infected individual (12-14).The human genome also contains many endogenous retroviral (HERV) elements, which have homology to known animal retroviruses. These elements probably arose from reverse transcriptase-mediated integration into the germ line of progenitors of Homo sapiens after exogenous retroviral infection. Many of the HERV sequences in the human genome are incomplete, although some full-length proviral genomic sequences have been identified. Some of these proviruses contain long open reading frames capable of encoding complete viral proteins and engendering viral particles (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). The tissue-specific expression of HERVs has been associated with a number of chronic human diseases, including multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and autoimmune arthritis (21-23). We report the identification of retroviral sequences in cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) obtained from individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia, and the differential transcriptional up-regulation of members of the HERV-W family of endogenous retroviruses in the postmortem frontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. Materials and Methods CSF Samples. Patients with new-onset schizophrenia.We obtained CSF samples from 35 previously healthy individuals (presenting to the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Heidelberg) with symptoms consistent with new-onset schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. (25). These individuals had not been admitted previously to the hospital for schizophrenia and were without manifestations of acute infectious, inflammatory,...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retroviral RNA identified in the cerebrospinal fluids and brains of individuals with schizophrenia

Karlsson

Bachmann

Schröder

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

328

215

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Increases in CNS immunoglobulin production and the IgG index are seen in infectious states, such as acute viral meningoencephalitides, and in CNS disorders known or suspected to be autoimmune, including lupus cerebritis (Winfield et al, 1983) and multiple sclerosis (Ganrot and Laurell, 1974;Link and Tibbling, 1977;Caroscio etal., 1983;Papadopoulos et al, 1987). The latter is a disorder that has been noted to have interesting clinical similarities to schizophrenia (Stevens, 1988). In addition, there are many possible links between viral infection and immune dysfunction.…”

Section: Central Nervous System Immunoglobulin G Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood-CSF barrier permeability and central nervous system immunoglobulin G in schizophrenia

Kirch

Alexander

Suddath

et al. 1992

J. Neural Transmission

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The ratio of albumin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to serum may serve as an index of the integrity of the blood-CSF barrier, with increases in this ratio indicating increased permeability. The ratio of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in CSF to serum (divided by the albumin ratio to correct for variance in blood-CSF permeability) represents an index of the endogenous production of IgG in the central nervous system (CNS), with increases reflecting a possible infectious and/or autoimmune process stimulating central IgG synthesis. We analyzed simultaneously collected CSF and serum samples from 46 schizophrenic subjects, 8 of whom were studied both on and off neuroleptic treatment, and samples from 20 normal controls. The data indicated increases in CSF/serum albumin ratios or CSF/serum IgG indices in 22% and 20%, respectively, of the schizophrenic patients. Only 3 patients showed elevations in both indices. Comparison of values on and off neuroleptics indicated no significant effect of neuroleptics on these indices.

show abstract

“…Her diagnosis was confirmed as MS. 4. In October 1998, 6 months after giving birth, a previously healthy, 34-year-old woman architect, became depressed, stopped eating and breastfeeding her child, and had sleep disturbances.…”

Section: Case Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depression, general anxiety disorder, bipolar disease, frank psychosis and personality disorders are not quite as rare as generally believed and may dominate the clinical picture [4]. Depression, as well as minor depressive symptoms and anxiety are the most commonly reported psychiatric manifestations [5] and [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychiatric manifestations of multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

Habek

Brinar

et al. 2006

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Schizophrenia and Multiple Sclerosis

Cited by 48 publications

References 87 publications

Retroviral RNA identified in the cerebrospinal fluids and brains of individuals with schizophrenia

Retroviral RNA identified in the cerebrospinal fluids and brains of individuals with schizophrenia

Blood-CSF barrier permeability and central nervous system immunoglobulin G in schizophrenia

Psychiatric manifestations of multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About