Schizophrenia, tardive dyskinesia and essential fatty acids

Vaddadi, Krishna S; Gilleard, Chris; Soosai, E.; Polonowita, A; Gibson, Robert A.; Burrows, Graham D.

doi:10.1016/0920-9964(95)00095-x

Cited by 33 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This approach has been useful in showing changes in patients with schizophrenia and depression (e.g. reduced polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid [ 246 , 247 ], decreased linoleic acid [ 248 ], less high-density lipoprotein levels [ 249 ]). An early report on hyperactive children suggested there were slightly decreased levels of poly-unsaturated, but increased levels of saturated fatty acids [ 250 ].…”

Section: Testing the Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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et al. 2006

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BackgroundCurrent concepts of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) emphasize the role of higher-order cognitive functions and reinforcement processes attributed to structural and biochemical anomalies in cortical and limbic neural networks innervated by the monoamines, dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin. However, these explanations do not account for the ubiquitous findings in ADHD of intra-individual performance variability, particularly on tasks that require continual responses to rapid, externally-paced stimuli. Nor do they consider attention as a temporal process dependent upon a continuous energy supply for efficient and consistent function. A consideration of this feature of intra-individual response variability, which is not unique to ADHD but is also found in other disorders, leads to a new perspective on the causes and potential remedies of specific aspects of ADHD.The hypothesisWe propose that in ADHD, astrocyte function is insufficient, particularly in terms of its formation and supply of lactate. This insufficiency has implications both for performance and development: H1) In rapidly firing neurons there is deficient ATP production, slow restoration of ionic gradients across neuronal membranes and delayed neuronal firing; H2) In oligodendrocytes insufficient lactate supply impairs fatty acid synthesis and myelination of axons during development. These effects occur over vastly different time scales: those due to deficient ATP (H1) occur over milliseconds, whereas those due to deficient myelination (H2) occur over months and years. Collectively the neural outcomes of impaired astrocytic release of lactate manifest behaviourally as inefficient and inconsistent performance (variable response times across the lifespan, especially during activities that require sustained speeded responses and complex information processing).Testing the hypothesisMulti-level and multi-method approaches are required. These include: 1) Use of dynamic strategies to evaluate cognitive performance under conditions that vary in duration, complexity, speed, and reinforcement; 2) Use of sensitive neuroimaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electroencephalography or magnetoencephalopathy to quantify developmental changes in myelination in ADHD as a potential basis for the delayed maturation of brain function and coordination, and 3) Investigation of the prevalence of genetic markers for factors that regulate energy metabolism (lactate, glutamate, glucose transporters, glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase, glycolytic enzymes), release of glutamate from synaptic terminals and glutamate-stimulated lactate production (SNAP25, glutamate receptors, adenosine receptors, neurexins, intracellular Ca2+), as well as astrocyte function (α1, α2 and β-adrenoceptors, dopamine D1 receptors) and myelin synthesis (lactate transporter, Lingo-1, Quaking homolog, leukemia inhibitory factor, and Transferrin).Implications of the hypothesisThe hypothesis extends existing theories of ADHD by ...

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Section: Testing the Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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et al. 2006

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“…86–88 Patients with schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia have also been shown to have decreased concentrations of erythrocyte omega-6 fatty acids. 89…”

Section: Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Mental Illness

Gören

Tewksbury

2011

Journal of Pharmacy Practice

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Purpose: This article will summarize the current evidence on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on prevention and treatment of mental illness. Background: Omega-3 fatty acids are involved in many physiologic processes. Since they cannot be made de novo in the body, they are considered essential nutrients. As the Western diet evolved, dietary intake of fatty acids has shifted to increased omega-6 fatty acids and decreased omega-3 fatty acids intake. These changes have been correlated with numerous differences in prevalence and course of mental illnesses. Methods: A MEDLINE search from 1966 to December 2010 was completed to identify studies comparing changes in symptoms, functioning, other outcomes, and/or side effects in patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids for mental illness. The studies were reviewed and reported by specific psychiatric disorder studied. Conclusions: Omega-3 fatty acids play a role in many biologic functions. Epidemiologic data implicate omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies in many mental illnesses. Data are most robust for omega-3 fatty acids' role in affective disorders. However, data are conflicting, negative, or absent for most mental illnesses.

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“…In contrast, studies on the fatty acid composition of peripheral cells in schizophrenia have been contradictory. Levels of both n-3 and n-6 fatty acids are reduced in schizophrenia (Yao et al, 1994;Peet et al, 2004;Reddy et al, 2004), whereas others found no reduction in n-3 or n-6 fatty acids (Vaddadi et al, 1996;Evans et al, 2003). Although the evidence for the deficiency of n-3 fatty acids in schizophrenia is week, in bipolar disorders a specific deficiency of n-3 fatty acids exists in peripheral cells such as red blood cells (Table 9.2).…”

Section: Fatty Acids and Glycerophospholipids In Autismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial Effects of Fish Oil on Human Brain

Farooqui¹

2009

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Schizophrenia, tardive dyskinesia and essential fatty acids

Cited by 33 publications

References 21 publications

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The Use of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Mental Illness

Beneficial Effects of Fish Oil on Human Brain

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