Schizophrenic symptomatology as a function of probability of cerebral damage.

Lilliston, Lawrence

doi:10.1037/h0035358

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The reactive (episodic, acute) patients do not appear to have gross neuropsychologic deficits, but when EEG abnormalities are present they are typically paroxysmal and localized to temporal areas with more alpha and relatively normal response to stimulation. This group of patients, with positive or productive symptoms, appear to be hyperreactive to stimuli (Lilliston, 1970(Lilliston, , 1973 and hyperaroused (Hoyer & Osterreich, 1975). They may have a failure to inhibit an overactivated brain stem arousal system even though the cortex is basically intact (Mirsky, 1969).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The notion of subtypes with and without cerebral deficit is illustrated by a well designed study using visual-spatial tests (Lilliston, 1973). He found that those subjects with no cognitive deficits ("low probability of cerebral damage") were anxious and tense, demonstrated affect, were more in contact with reality, and tended to overreact to stimuli.…”

Section: Neurologic Soft Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Schizophrenia and brain dysfunction: An integration of recent neurodiagnostic findings.

Seidman¹

1983

Psychological Bulletin

321

122

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This is a critical review and integration of recent evidence demonstrating the frequency, type, and clinical significance of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. Neuroradiological, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological data suggest brain impairment in at least 20% to 35% of schizophrenic patients. The abnormalities are nonspecific and can result from a variety of causes. Preliminary evidence suggests that there are two or more syndromes that differ in severity and type of brain abnormality, rather than a unitary schizophrenic illness. A complex, variable picture of brain dysfunction, including ventricular enlargement and cerebral atrophy, disturbances of cerebral metabolism, neuropsychologic deficits, and neurologic "soft" signs, is found especially in chronically impaired schizophrenics with "negative" symptoms. Extent and locus of dysfunction in a corticosubcortical arousal-attention system involving areas of the frontal cortex, limbic system, and brain stem reticular formation are hypothesized to determine the relative prominence of "positive" and "negative" symptoms. Future research on neuroanatomy, etiology, and treatment must take into account the heterogeneity of the schizophrenias and might fruitfully utilize the positive-negative dimension.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neurologic Soft Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schizophrenia and brain dysfunction: An integration of recent neurodiagnostic findings.

Seidman¹

1983

Psychological Bulletin

321

122

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“…This is generally consistent with the reported associations between poor test performance and severity of various psychiatric symptoms in hospitalised schizo phrenics. Lilliston (1973) found that patients categorised according to the results of three tests â€˜¿ for cerebral damage' differed in apathy, perceptual disorder, disorientation, and retardation. In patients studied during a psychotic exacerbation by Golden et a!…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, true â€˜¿ organicity' is suggested by the reported associ ations between intellectual deficit and neurological â€˜¿ soft' signs (Quitkin eta!, 1976;Mosher eta!, 1971), enlarged brain ventricles (Johnstone et a!, 1978;Golden et a!, 1980;Donnelly et a!, 1980) and widened cortical sulci (Rieder et a!, 1979). In this context, the relationship between cognitive impair ment and psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenics has led some authors to suggest that both abnormal ities may be manifestations of an organic brain disorder (Lilliston, 1973;Johnstone et a!, 1978;Heaton eta!, 1978).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Schizophrenia with Good and Poor Outcome

Kołakowska¹,

Williams²,

Jambor³

et al. 1985

Br J Psychiatry

145

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Fifty-six patients with RDC schizophrenia (42) or schizoaffective disorder (14), of two to 20 years' duration, were assessed for neurological 'soft' signs and cognitive impairment when in a stable condition--the 'outcome'. Neurological dysfunction (46% of 50 examined patients) was associated with a history of developmental abnormalities, but was unrelated to outcome, psychiatric symptoms, or treatment. Deficits in particular cognitive fields were related to two independent factors: overall severity of residual psychiatric disorder (outcome) and neurological dysfunction. There was no relationship between the size of the lateral brain ventricles on CT scan and either 'soft' signs or cognitive impairment. The findings do not provide evidence for an association between the presence of organic brain disorder (as indicated by the joint occurrence of neurological dysfunction and cognitive impairment) and either poor outcome or particular symptoms of schizophrenia.

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“…At the same time there have been reports from neuropsychological quarters that chronic schizophrenics almost invariably do poorly on neuropsychological tests (Klonofl et al (1970), Golden et a2. (1980)) and show cognitive defects commonly associated with organic brain disease ( Lilliston (1970Lilliston ( , 1973, , Heaton et al (1978)). Quite recently there have been studies showing that bad test performances correlate significantly with brain atrophy as shown by computer tomography (Johnstone et al (1978), Rieder et al (1979), Golden et al (1980)).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumoencephalographic evidence of brain atrophy in acute and chronic schizophrenic patients

Haug

1982

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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Pneumoencephalography (PEG) was carried out in 50 patients of both sexes consecutively discharged from a psychiatric department with a diagnosis of acute schizophrenia. At clinical follow-up with a mean observation time of 8 years the diagnosis was verified in 38 patients, while 12 were considered to have had a reactive psychosis. The PEG findings and clinical findings in these two groups are compared, and compared to corresponding findings in 101 chronic schizophrenics previously studied with the same method. Linear measurements were used in estimating the size of the ventricular system, which was safely within normal limits in all but three of the 50 patients. Mean ventricular size did not differ significantly in the two groups of acute psychoses. No case of cortical atrophy was found. More than half of the chronic schizophrenics had abnormal PEG's, the typical finding being a bilateral enlargement of the ventricular system. The mean size of all parts of the ventricular system was significantly higher than in the acute schizophrenics. A close correlation was found between mental deterioration and ventricular enlargement. The most reasonable explanation of these findings is that schizophrenia is an inborn error of metabolism, disturbing normal brain function and in the long run leading to degenerative changes of the nervous tissue.

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Schizophrenic symptomatology as a function of probability of cerebral damage.

Cited by 16 publications

References 13 publications

Schizophrenia and brain dysfunction: An integration of recent neurodiagnostic findings.

Schizophrenia and brain dysfunction: An integration of recent neurodiagnostic findings.

Schizophrenia with Good and Poor Outcome

Pneumoencephalographic evidence of brain atrophy in acute and chronic schizophrenic patients

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