Schmutzdecke- A Filtration Layer of Slow Sand Filter

Ranjan, Prem; Prem, Manjeet

doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.077

Cited by 43 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…After 6 days, the purifying bacteria were developed in the form of biological film. The previous study has reported that the development of biological film on sand particles is the important part of the treatment process (Bhutiani et al, 2017;Ranjan and Prem, 2018;Matuzahroh et al, 2020). The wastewater before and after treatment with each type of the Reactor was analyzed for different physicochemical parameters viz.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of composition and depth of filter-bed on the efficiency of Sand-intermittent-filter treating the Industrial wastewater at Haridwar, India

Bhutiani

Ahamad

Ruhela

2021

JANS

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Sand Intermittent Filtration (SIF) is an established technology of wastewater treatment and in recent years it gains renewed interest due to its simplicity and less energy requirement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the modified filter-bed Reactor using Sand-intermittent-filtration (SIF) for the removal of physicochemical parameters viz dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (CaH), chloride (Cl), turbidity, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) of the Industrial wastewater of State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIDCUL) at Haridwar. The experiments were performed with the composition of the filter-bed having sand and gravel in the ratio of 1:1 (Reactor I); 1:2 (Reactor II) and 2:1 (Reactor III) at the room temperature 300C. Each Reactor was categorized into A, B and C type based on depth of filter-bed (A=10 cm, B=15 cm, C=30 cm). The maximum removal of TS (52.21%), TDS (50.66%), TSS (57.20%), turbidity (67.36%), chloride (28.81%), BOD (39.18%), COD (38.66%), TH (53.40%), and CaH (62.57%) was observed in Reactor II C (soil and gravel- 2:1 and 30 cm depth of bed) using 0.49 mm effective size and 0.49 uniformity coefficient (UC) of the sand. A mixture of sand and gravel in the Reactor II with a ratio of 2:1 yielded better efficiency in comparison to the Reactor I and Reactor III. Thus, SIF technology could be environment-friendly and economically cost-effective for removing various physicochemical parameters from Industrial wastewater.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of composition and depth of filter-bed on the efficiency of Sand-intermittent-filter treating the Industrial wastewater at Haridwar, India

Bhutiani

Ahamad

Ruhela

2021

JANS

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“…5b, the biofilm layer formation after one month of the commencement of system operation is evident on the filter media. The formation of the biofilm layer has been reported to potentially enhance the removal efficiencies through possible several pathways which include biosorption, biological degradation of soluble organics and also reduces odor and color [42]. The microbial communities thriving on the biofilm are known to be responsible for the breakdown of different nutrients, such as phosphorous and nitrogen-containing compounds, carbonaceous materials as well as the removal of trapped pathogens from the wastewater [43,44].…”

Section: Performance Of Biofilters In Treating Hw Greywatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to note that the ozonation stage increases the NO − 3 in the GW, but this range still falls within the sewage discharge and reuse standards. Rahmadi et al [42] had reported oxidation of nitrite and ammonia to NO − 3 leading to an increase in NO − 3 upon oxidation. The increase in the NO − 3 observed in this study could be due to the oxidation of the other nitrogen species as the overall TN was not significantly affected by the ozonation stage (Refer to Supplementary Material).…”

Section: Overall System Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Decentralized treatment and recycling of greywater from a school in rural India

Subramanian

Raj

Jamwal

et al. 2020

Journal of Water Process Engineering

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Rural areas in developing countries face the twin challenges of water scarcity and risk of groundwater contamination due to lack of water treatment options. A decentralized greywater treatment system for reuse is an option that addresses both of these challenges. This study reports the performance of a decentralized greywater treatment and reuse system which was constructed and operated for over 12 months in a government-managed school in rural India. The handwash and kitchen wash wastewater streams were treated separately due to differences in the initial greywater characteristics. The treatment stages included pre-treatment using screens and grease traps, slow sand biofiltration combined with anaerobic sludge bioreactor, and aeration before the final ozone-based disinfection stage. The treated water at the end of all these stages was used for toilet-flushing in the school. The treatment system was operated for one year and sampling was performed to investigate the system performance. The overall treatment system showed removal efficiencies of 99 %, 98 %, 66 %, 73 %, 98 %, 96 % and >99.99 % for the parameters of turbidity, total suspended solids, nitrate, total phosphorus, biological oxygen demand (5 days), chemical oxygen demand and fecal coliform respectively. This study quantifies the performance of each subsystem and demonstrates for the first time that a decentralized greywater treatment can be operated effectively and economically in a rural Indian setting.

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“…This suggests that the low water temperatures may have influenced the efficiency of PMMoV removal. The viruses could be removed by the upper layers of the sand bed through adsorption onto the sticky biofilm known as Schmutzdecke 23,33 , which contains many adsorption sites such as extracellular polymeric substances, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. 34 In addition, the removal or inactivation of viruses might occur due to biological activity such as predation and antagonism by microorganisms.…”

Section: Application Of Mitigation Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of pepper mild mottle virus by full-scale microfiltration and slow sand filtration plants

2019

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It is important to evaluate the removal of enteric viruses by drinking water treatment processes so that viral infection risk can be assessed and managed. However, evaluating the removal of enteric viruses by full-scale treatment processes can be challenging due to the low numbers of viruses and the presence of substances in the water samples that inhibit detection. In this study, we evaluated the removal of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) by microfiltration (MF) and slow sand filtration (SSF) at two full-scale drinking water treatment plants in Japan, quantifying virus concentrations with real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The removal of PMMoV by MF ranged from 0.0 to >0.9 log 10 , although concentrations were below the detection limit for half of the treated water samples. SSF removed PMMoV by up to 2.8 log 10 ; however, the removal efficiency decreased to 0.0-1.0 log 10 under cold water temperatures. Process control showed that nucleic acid extraction and qPCR efficiency were inhibited in nearly 40% of water samples. Dilution, DAX-8, and ferrihydrite treatments for purification were effective in mitigating these inhibitory effects.npj Clean Water (2019) 2:18 ; https://doi.

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Schmutzdecke- A Filtration Layer of Slow Sand Filter

Cited by 43 publications

References 1 publication

Effect of composition and depth of filter-bed on the efficiency of Sand-intermittent-filter treating the Industrial wastewater at Haridwar, India

Effect of composition and depth of filter-bed on the efficiency of Sand-intermittent-filter treating the Industrial wastewater at Haridwar, India

Decentralized treatment and recycling of greywater from a school in rural India

Removal of pepper mild mottle virus by full-scale microfiltration and slow sand filtration plants

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