“…Machácek and Srholec, 2016, Demir, 2018, Baker, 2016 Motivation of authors for publishing in predatory journals Frandsen, 2019, Omobowale et al, 2014, Shehata and Elgllab, 2018 Probes with flawed and nonsensical manuscripts Bohannon, 2013, Davis, 2009 Studies of article quality Oermann et al, 2018, McCutcheon et al, 2016 Citation studies Nwagwu andOjemeni, 2014, Andersson, 2019 The defining characteristics of what constitutes a predatory journal or publisher have over the years been debated. Beall originally used a list of 25 predatory practices and a number of less fraudulent practices as the basis for his blacklist (Beall 2012 b).…”