School achievement strongly predicts midlife IQ

Spinks, Ruth; Arndt, Stephan; Caspers, Kristin; Yucuis, Rebecca; McKirgan, Lowell; Pfalzgraf, Christopher J.; Waterman, Elijah

doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.10.004

Cited by 22 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Intellectual functioning was assessed using Quantitative and Expression subtests of the Iowa Tests of Educational Development (Hoover et al, 2003). Performance on the Iowa Tests are strongly linked to IQ scores (Spinks et al, 2007). There were no significant differences between the control and chronic MJ groups on these tests.…”

Section: Sample Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Effects of Chronic Marijuana Use on Brain Activity During Monetary Decision-Making

Vaidya

Block

O'Leary

et al. 2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Marijuana (MJ) acutely acts on cannabinoid receptors that are found in numerous brain regions, including those involved in reward processing and decision-making. However, it remains unclear how long-term, chronic MJ use alters reward-based decision-making. In the present study, using [15 O]water PET imaging, we measured brain activity in chronic MJ users, who underwent monitored abstinence from MJ for approximately 24 h before imaging, and control participants, while they took part in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a monetary decision making task that strongly relies on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). During PET imaging, participants took part in the standard and a variant version of the IGT as well as a control task. Chronic MJ users performed equally well on the standard IGT, but significantly worse than controls on the variant IGT. Chronic MJ users and control subjects showed increased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the vmPFC on both versions of the IGT compared to the control task. In the two-group comparison, chronic MJ users showed significantly greater rCBF than controls in the vmPFC on the standard IGT and greater activity in the cerebellum on both versions of the IGT. Furthermore, duration of use, but not age of first use, was associated with greater activity in the vmPFC. Thus, chronic MJ users tend to strongly recruit neural circuitry involved in decision-making and reward processing (vmPFC), and probabilistic learning (cerebellum) when performing the IGT. Neuropsychopharmacology (2012) 37, 618-629; doi:10.1038/npp.2011.227; published online 28 September 2011Keywords: marijuana; decision-making; ventromedial prefrontal cortex; chronic use; cerebellum; PET INTRODUCTIONMarijuana (MJ) is the most commonly used illicit drug in the Unites States (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2008). The acute effects of MJ are thought to involve the action of delta-9-tetra-hydrocannabinol (THC) on CB 1 receptors located principally on axons and nerve terminals (Mechoulam, 1970;Matsuda et al, 1990;Iversen, 2003) in a number of regions, including the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum (Iversen, 2003;Eggan and Lewis, 2007). However, the long-term impact of chronic MJ use on the brain remains poorly understood, especially with regard to more complex decision-making processes. In the present study, using [ 15 O]water PET imaging, we measured brain activity in a large sample of chronic MJ users and controls while participants performed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) (Bechara et al, 1994), a commonly used measure of complex monetary decision-making. In addition to group comparisons, correlational analyses were conducted to investigate the association of two key variablesFage of first MJ use and duration of MJ useFwith brain activity.Chronic MJ users, tested after brief abstinence periods, generally perform poorly on the IGT (Fridberg et al, 2010;Wesley et al, 2011;Whitlow et al, 2004). One study found that performance was poor even after a 25-day period of abstinence (Bolla et al, 2005). In ad...

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Section: Sample Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Effects of Chronic Marijuana Use on Brain Activity During Monetary Decision-Making

Vaidya

Block

O'Leary

et al. 2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Similarly, in a review of the relationship between intelligence and scholastic achievement, Naglieri and Bornstein (2003) found very strong associations. Furthermore, Spinks et al (2007) found that the associations were also relatively age invariant; that is, they remained significant throughout respondents' adult life. However, a study by Cote and Levine (2000), using a Canadian college sample, indicated a negative relationship between measured intelligence and academic achievement, finding that motivation was the prevailing predictor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Cultural capital and intellectual ability as predictors of scholastic achievement: a study of Slovenian secondary school students

Flere

Krajnc

Klanjšek

et al. 2010

British Journal of Sociology of Education

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“…Among recent studies that have included standardized measures of academic achievement (Deary et al, 2007;Spinks et al, 2007), the measures of academic achievement were group administered, and the correlations between a latent general cognitive ability factor and latent educational achievement scores were assessed within longitudinal designs, not via cross-sectional methodology. Although these studies provided important insights into the possible causal relations linking COG-g to ACH-g, they did not directly measure the degree to which the two types of g are the same or different, which is best examined when cognitive and achievement tests are administered concurrently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are cognitive g and academic achievement g one and the same g? An exploration on the Woodcock–Johnson and Kaufman tests

et al. 2012

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School achievement strongly predicts midlife IQ

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of Chronic Marijuana Use on Brain Activity During Monetary Decision-Making

Effects of Chronic Marijuana Use on Brain Activity During Monetary Decision-Making

Cultural capital and intellectual ability as predictors of scholastic achievement: a study of Slovenian secondary school students

Are cognitive g and academic achievement g one and the same g? An exploration on the Woodcock–Johnson and Kaufman tests

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