School attributes, household characteristics, and demand for schooling: A case study of rural Peru

Ilon, Lynn; Moock, Peter

doi:10.1007/bf00597620

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…22 See review by Birdsall (1982). Also see more recent work by Ilon and Moock (1991); Knodel and Wongsith (1991); Lloyd and Blanc (1996) and for Pakistan, Alderman, et al (2001).…”

Section: Opportunity Costmentioning

confidence: 95%

Willingness to Pay for Primary Education in Rural Pakistan

Saqib¹

2022

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Highly subsidised public schools are the principal provider of education in the rural areas of Pakistan. Steady growth of school age population over time coupled with stagnant public funding has put enormous pressure on this system. The alternative of cost recovery through user charges has its own critics. They argue that introduction of tuition fees would substantially reduce the already small representation of low-income households in primary schools due to high price elasticity of their demand for schooling. Moreover, the revenuegenerating potential of this policy may also be limited due to same reason. The present study uses a discrete choice random utility model of household utility maximising behaviour to evaluate feasibility and consequences of introducing user fees in primary schools in rural Pakistan, particularly with reference to above criticisms. The demand function for school enrolment derived from this model allows us to test the hypothesis that price elasticity of demand for schooling varies with income. It also provides estimates of the parameters of the utility function needed for measuring parents’ willingness to pay for their childrens’ education if money generated from tuition fees is reinvested in education. The estimated demand function takes into account total price of education, including opportunity cost. Estimation results show that price elasticity of demand for school enrolment is higher for lower-income groups. Hence school enrolment of the poorest children would bear the main brunt of user fees policy. Children’s gender and age, father’s education, presence of T.V. in the household, and community variables like the presence of an elected district council member, electricity, and public transport in the village turn out to be significant influences on the probability of primary school enrolment. Willingness to pay for education is lower for poorer households and can generate revenues to cover only a fraction of the cost of running a school. Hence the need to search for other sources of financing primary education in rural Pakistan.

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“…22 See review by Birdsall (1982). Also see more recent work by Ilon and Moock (1991); Knodel and Wongsith (1991); Lloyd and Blanc (1996) and for Pakistan, Alderman, et al (2001).…”

Section: Opportunity Costmentioning

confidence: 95%

Willingness to Pay for Primary Education in Rural Pakistan

Saqib¹

2022

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“…This view maintains that children in developing countries tend to be of economic value and, as a result, become a desirable asset for struggling parents (Ilon and Moock 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

poverty and child farm labour in Africa: Wealth paradox or bad orthodox

Nkamleu¹

2009

African Journal of Economic Policy

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The link between poverty and child labor has traditionally been regarded as well established but recent researches have questioned its validity, suggesting that child labor is more important in the richest households (wealth paradox). The present study revisits the link between poverty and farm child labor in Africa and aims at testing the paradoxical wealth effect. Using different modeling techniques, the analysis focuses on family-controlled child labor taking place in the cocoa sector of Côte d'Ivoire. The results reveal that the effect of different commonly used wealth proxies have opposite effects on child labor participation and are sometimes sensitive to the modeling technique. This mixed result is the root of the apparent wealth paradox found in the literature. However, relevant and robust wealth proxies clearly indicate a positive relationship between poverty and child labor. The study therefore sustains that the apparent wealth paradox found in the literature is the end result of a bad orthodoxy.

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“…Another advantage of analyzing household data is that it can inform policy makers about the characteristics of children outside the school systemchildren who are obviously not observed by administrative data from schools. Empirical analyses on children out of school indicate that factors such as extreme poverty, the cost of school uniforms, the lack of relevance of the school curriculum, the distance to school, and personal insecurity on the way to school can be strong barriers to school attendance (Arcia 2003;Ilon and Mock 1991;Pritchett 2004;Sulliman and El-Kogali 2002).…”

Section: Using Household Survey Datamentioning

confidence: 99%