School-based control of urinary schistosomiasis on Zanzibar, Tanzania: Monitoring micro-haematuria with reagent strips as a rapid urological assessment

French, Michael; Rollinson, David; Basáñez, María‐Gloria; Mgeni, A. F.; Khamis, I. Simba; Stothard, J. Russell

doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2007.01.198

Cited by 67 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Ho wever, the sensitivity of microhaematuria in this study is higher than that of Anosikeet al [2] who obtained sensitivity of 41.0 % but with a similar specificity (82.0%) in a study conducted in Bende LGA of Abia State, Nigeria. Sensitiv ity and specificity of microhaematuria in this study are lower than that reported among zan zibari school children in Tan zania with sensitivity of 77.0%) and specificity of 97.0 % [8].Ho wever, variation in sensitivity and specificity of microhaematuria during Schistosomahaematobiuminfection has been reported in several studies conducted in different African settings. They have been reported to vary fro m 41.0 % to 93 % and fro m 67 % to 99 % fo r sensitivity and specificity respectively [2,4,6,8,9,12].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…Sensitiv ity and specificity of microhaematuria in this study are lower than that reported among zan zibari school children in Tan zania with sensitivity of 77.0%) and specificity of 97.0 % [8].Ho wever, variation in sensitivity and specificity of microhaematuria during Schistosomahaematobiuminfection has been reported in several studies conducted in different African settings. They have been reported to vary fro m 41.0 % to 93 % and fro m 67 % to 99 % fo r sensitivity and specificity respectively [2,4,6,8,9,12]. Keys: 1-10 eggs/10 ml of urine = light infection 11-49 eggs/10 ml of urine = Moderate infection >50 eggs/10 ml of urine = Heavy infection Keys: 1-10 eggs/10 ml of urine = light infection 11-49 eggs/10 ml of urine = Moderate infection >50 eggs/10 ml of urine = Heavy infection…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…Operat ional research studies in Africa showed that screening using reagent strips is an effective method to identify school children requiring treat ment and subsequently monitor control [7,8,9]. Several research studies reported high sensitivity and specificity of reagent strips compared to urine filtrationconsidered the most conclusive diagnostic for urinaryschistosomiasis and this procedure is expensive, cumbersome and too technical fo r lay use [2,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microhaematuria and Proteinuria Performance as a Measured by Urine Reagent Strips in Estimating Intensity and Prevalence of Schistosomahaematobium Infection in Nigeria

A¹,

Daniel²,

Habibu³

et al. 2012

AJMMS

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Microhaematuria and proteinuria as measured by urine reagent strips are widely used to screen population at high risk o f urinary schistosomiasis. This investigation was conducted to assess, if microhaematuria and proteinuria as measured by reagent strips could estimate intensity of Schistosomahaematobium infection in endemic areas and evaluate their screening performance among children in Benue State, Nigeria. A total of 1,124 urine samp les were collected, screened for microhae maturia and proteinuria using reagent strips (Co mbi 9) and co mpared to filtration technique the gold standard method. A significant correlation was observed between microhaematuria (rho= 0.66, p<0.01), proteinuria (rho = 0.71, p<0.01) and intensity of Schistosomahaematobium eggs. Proteinuria had sensitivity of 95.7% and specificity of 67.7%, while microhaematuria had sensitivity of 64.8% and specificity of 89.6%. The proportion of false positive diagnoses was higher in proteinuria (19.6%) than microhaematuria (6.0%). The find ings suggest that use of urine reagent strips could potentially estimate intensity of Schistosomahaematobium infection and their performance to screen urinary schistosomiasis agreed with previous observations.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microhaematuria and Proteinuria Performance as a Measured by Urine Reagent Strips in Estimating Intensity and Prevalence of Schistosomahaematobium Infection in Nigeria

A¹,

Daniel²,

Habibu³

et al. 2012

AJMMS

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“…The stool samples were transferred to the HCLU in Mianzini, Zanzibar Town. A similar stool collection procedure was implemented in the five urban primary schools, readily integrated in the so-called 24-school-survey, as part of an ongoing study on the epidemiology and control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and urinary schistosomiasis (French et al, 2007).…”

Section: Field and Laboratory Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution of soil-transmitted helminths, including Strongyloides stercoralis, among children in Zanzibar

Knopp

Mohammed²,

Khamis³

et al. 2008

Geospat Health

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Abstract.A programme periodically distributing anthelminthic drugs to school-aged children for the control of soiltransmitted helminthiasis was launched in Zanzibar in the early 1990s. We investigated the spatial distribution of soiltransmitted helminth infections, including Strongyloides stercoralis, in 336 children from six districts in Unguja, Zanzibar, in 2007. One stool sample per child was examined with the Kato-Katz, Koga agar plate and Baermann methods. The point prevalence of the different helminth infections was compared to the geological characteristics of the study sites. The observed prevalences for Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and S. stercoralis were 35.5%, 12.2%, 11.9% and 2.2%, respectively, with considerable spatial heterogeneity. Whilst T. trichiura and hookworm infections were found in all six districts, no A. lumbricoides infections were recorded in the urban setting and only a low prevalence (2.2%) was observed in the South district. S. stercoralis infections were found in four districts with the highest prevalence (4.0%) in the West district. The prevalence of infection with any soil-transmitted helminth was highest in the North A district (69.6%) and lowest in the urban setting (22.4%). A. lumbricoides, hookworm and, with the exception of the North B district, S. stercoralis infections were observed to be more prevalent in the settings north of Zanzibar Town, which are characterized by alluvial clayey soils, moist forest regions and a higher precipitation. After a decade of large-scale administration of anthelminthic drugs, the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections across Unguja is still considerable. Hence, additional measures, such as improving access to adequate sanitation and clean water and continued health education, are warranted to successfully control soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Zanzibar.

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“…They have been varied from 41 to 93 % and from 67 to 99 % for % Within schisto egg 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % * Fisher's exact P \ 0.001 Fig. 1 Gross haematuria among the studied samples sensitivity and specificity respectively (Anosike et al 2001, French et al 2009, Robinson et al 2009and Houmsou et al 2011). The positive predictive value (probability of infected children with S. haematobium eggs among those having microhaematuria) was higher in children having macrohaematuria (100 %) than microhaematuria (76.5 %).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating cathodic antigen cassette test versus haematuria strip test in diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis

et al. 2015

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Urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium constitutes a major public health problem in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. This study was conducted to evaluate circulating cathodic antigen cassette test and haematuria strip test for detection of S. haematobium in urine samples and to evaluate their screening performance among the study population. Microscopy was used as a gold standard. A total of 600 urine samples were examined by microscopy for detection of S. haematobium eggs, screened for microhaematuria using Self-Stik reagent strips and screened for circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) using the urine-CCA cassette test. The specificity of CCA, microhaematuria and macrohaematuria was 96.4, 40.6 and 31.2 % respectively while the sensitivity was 88.2, 99.3 and 100 % respectively which was statistically significant (P \ 0.001). These findings suggest that using of urine-CCA cassette test in diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis is highly specific (96.4 %) compared with the highly sensitive haematuria strip test (100 %). The degree of agreement between microscopic examination and CCA detection was 99.3 % with highly statistically significant difference (P \ 0.001). The combination of two techniques could potentially use for screening and mapping of S. haematobium infection.

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School-based control of urinary schistosomiasis on Zanzibar, Tanzania: Monitoring micro-haematuria with reagent strips as a rapid urological assessment

Cited by 67 publications

References 13 publications

Microhaematuria and Proteinuria Performance as a Measured by Urine Reagent Strips in Estimating Intensity and Prevalence of Schistosomahaematobium Infection in Nigeria

Microhaematuria and Proteinuria Performance as a Measured by Urine Reagent Strips in Estimating Intensity and Prevalence of Schistosomahaematobium Infection in Nigeria

Spatial distribution of soil-transmitted helminths, including Strongyloides stercoralis, among children in Zanzibar

Circulating cathodic antigen cassette test versus haematuria strip test in diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis

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