School Breakfast Program but Not School Lunch Program Participation Is Associated with Lower Body Mass Index

Gleason, Philip; Dodd, Allison Hedley

doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.058

Cited by 127 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

108

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…As in the present study, previous results on school lunch consumption relative to weight status have mostly shown no relationship (16)(17)(18)(19)(20) . Previous studies that focus only on dinner are lacking.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

“…Only few studies have examined the relationship of meals other than breakfast to weight status. So far, no clear association has been found between eating a school lunch and weight status (16)(17)(18) , although some studies have found a positive association (19,20) . Most of these studies have been conducted in countries where only a section of the students have a free school lunch available to them (21) ; therefore, the situation might be different in Finland, as a cooked school lunch is provided free of charge to everyone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Meal pattern and BMI in 9–11-year-old children in Finland

Lehto

Ray

Lahti-Koski³

et al. 2010

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: In many studies it has been shown that breakfast is associated with normal weight in children and adolescents. Other meals, family meals and a regular meal pattern have been less studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine whether a regular meal pattern, or breakfast, lunch or dinner as separate regular meals, is associated with the BMI of children. Design: A cross-sectional study conducted within the Helsinki region during 2006. Study participants were measured and weighed by research staff. Children filled in a study questionnaire on their health behaviour, including the frequency of consuming meals. A regular meal was defined as one usually eaten on every school day. A regular meal pattern was defined as one consisting of a usual consumption of breakfast, school lunch and dinner on every school day. Covariance analysis was used as the statistical analysis method. Setting: Capital region, Finland, 2006. Subjects: A total of 604 schoolchildren (312 girls) aged 9-11 years. Results: Irregular breakfast and an irregular meal pattern were associated with higher BMI. Regularity of school lunch, dinner or family dinner was not associated with BMI. Conclusions: A regular breakfast and meal pattern was associated with lower BMI in children, although breakfast was the only single meal associated with BMI. We conclude that, although the association between breakfast and weight status in children is fairly consistent, the role of other meals is less convincing.

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Meal pattern and BMI in 9–11-year-old children in Finland

Lehto

Ray

Lahti-Koski³

et al. 2010

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A cross-sectional study estimated the association between participation in the School Breakfast Program and National School Lunch Program and children's BMI and risk of overweight or obesity; participants included 2228 students in grades 1 through 12. School breakfast participation, but not school lunch, was associated with significantly lower BMI, particularly among non-Hispanic, white students (Gleason and Dodd, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

School-based intervention to promote eating daily and healthy breakfast: A survey and a case–control study

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background/Objective: The recent rapid increase in childhood obesity rates suggests that a consideration of the role of the schools in addressing this problem is necessary. 'Fits me' program functions to promote eating daily and healthy breakfast among elementary school children. Results: As compared with 2003 before the program, more children reported eating daily breakfast over the years (51-65% before and until 2005, respectively, P for trendo0.01). Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for eating a healthy breakfast, in 2006 in the intervention (n ¼ 417) vs controls (n ¼ 572), adjusted for sex and age were OR ¼ 1.53 (95% CI: 1.15-2.04). However, only a third of 75% of the children who ate a healthy breakfast in the intervention group estimated that they were eating a healthy breakfast. Conclusions: After implementation an educational program to promote daily and healthy breakfast eating, the goal of a healthier breakfast was achieved. However, one should strive to define an exact definition of a healthy breakfast.

show abstract

“…Children who eat breakfast have healthier overall nutrition and lower BMI, and breakfast consumption may enhance academic achievement. [1][2][3] One common breakfast choice for children is ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal. Studies have consistently found that higher consumption of RTE cereals is associated with improved micronutrient intake, which supports the recommendation to promote RTE cereals to youth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Serving High-Sugar Cereals on Children's Breakfast-Eating Behavior

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:There are positive health benefits for children who consume ready-to-eat cereals for breakfast; however, cereal companies market their high-sugar products extensively to children, which causes concern that eating these products contributes to unhealthy levels of added sugar in children's diets. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Results demonstrate the potential negative effects of serving high-sugar cereal to children and how it affects their consumption of cereal, added sugar, and fruit during breakfast. In addition, they demonstrate that children like and will eat low-sugar cereals as an alternative.abstract OBJECTIVES: To test (1) whether children will consume low-sugar ready-to-eat (RTE) cereals and (2) the effects of serving high-versus low-sugar cereals on the consumption of cereal, refined sugar, fresh fruit, and milk. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS:Using an experimental design, we randomly assigned children (n ϭ 91) who were attending summer day camp to receive a breakfast that included either the choice of 1 of 3 high-sugar cereals (high-sugar condition) or low-sugar cereals (lowsugar condition), as well as low-fat milk, orange juice, bananas, strawberries, and sugar packets. Participants served themselves and completed a background questionnaire after eating. Researchers measured the amount and calories consumed of each food. RESULTS:In both conditions, children reported "liking" or "loving" the cereal they chose. Children in the low-sugar cereal condition consumed, on average, slightly more than 1 serving of cereal (35 g), whereas children in the high-sugar condition consumed significantly more (61 g) and almost twice the amount of refined sugar in total (24.4 vs 12.5 g). Milk and total calories consumed did not differ significantly between conditions, but children in the low-sugar condition were more likely to put fruit on their cereal (54% vs 8%) and consumed a greater portion of total calories from fresh fruit (20% vs 13%). CONCLUSIONS:Compared with serving low-sugar cereals, high-sugar cereals increase children's total sugar consumption and reduce the overall nutritional quality of their breakfast. Children will consume low-sugar cereals when offered, and they provide a superior breakfast option.

show abstract

School Breakfast Program but Not School Lunch Program Participation Is Associated with Lower Body Mass Index

Cited by 127 publications

References 18 publications

Meal pattern and BMI in 9–11-year-old children in Finland

Meal pattern and BMI in 9–11-year-old children in Finland

School-based intervention to promote eating daily and healthy breakfast: A survey and a case–control study

Effects of Serving High-Sugar Cereals on Children's Breakfast-Eating Behavior

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About