“…These findings further illustrates the relationship between student disciplines and competitiveness as previous research on drivers of academic performance mainly focussed on the amount of funding provided for education (Jensen, Reichl, & Kemp, 2011), classroom size (Ajayi, Audu, & Ajayi, 2017;Finn, Gerber, & Boyd-Zaharias, 2005;Hoxby, 2000), hours of schooling (Huebener & Marcus, 2017;Ray & Lancaster, 2005), and teacher quality (Agasisti & Longobardi, 2014;Anttila & Väänänen, 2015;Gershoff, 2016;Gittins, 2006;Mischel, 1976) without considering competitiveness as a major factor. Further, Krskova and Baumann (2017) found the relative importance of school discipline (88 per cent) in comparison to education investment (12 per cent) on educational performance, with both variables found to be significantly associated with competitiveness directly. The schools or countries with stricter school discipline methods often performed academically well (Baumann et al, 2020).…”