School District Resources and Identification of Children With Autistic Disorder

Palmer, Raymond F.; Blanchard, Stephen; Jean, Carlos R.; Mandell, David S.

doi:10.2105/ajph.2003.023077

Cited by 69 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Children in counties with greater urban density had lower proportions of medication use. Similarly, Palmer et al 22 showed that greater urban density at the county level was associated with more identification of children with ASD. Urban areas, as well as areas with a higher proportion of white residents, may have access to academic health settings where there is greater familiarity with developmental delays.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…What is known is that there is considerable county-and state-level variation in the identification of children with ASD, which has been associated with education-related spending, urbanicity, and health care resources. 19,22 Other studies also have found rural/urban 23 and ethnic differences in ASD identification. 24,25 Little is known, however, about how child characteristics and local resources influence medication treatment; therefore, in addition to estimating the prevalence of psychotropic medication use among children with ASDs, we explored the relative contributions of child, county, and state characteristics to its use.…”

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confidence: 97%

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Psychotropic Medication Use Among Medicaid-Enrolled Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

et al. 2008

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OBJECTIVE-The objective of this study was to provide national estimates of psychotropic medication use among Medicaid-enrolled children with autism spectrum disorders and to examine child and health system characteristics associated with psychotropic medication use.METHODS-This cross-sectional study used Medicaid claims for calendar year 2001 from all 50 states and Washington, DC, to examine 60 641 children with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. Logistic regression with random effects was used to examine the child, county, and state factors associated with psychotropic medication use.RESULTS-Of the sample, 56% used at least 1 psychotropic medication, 20% of whom were prescribed ≥3 medications concurrently. Use was common even in children aged 0 to 2 years (18%) and 3 to 5 years (32%). Neuroleptic drugs were the most common psychotropic class (31%), followed by antidepressants (25%) and stimulants (22%). In adjusted analyses, male, older, and white children; those who were in foster care or in the Medicaid disability category; those who received additional psychiatric diagnoses; and those who used more autism spectrum disorder services were more likely to have used psychotropic drugs. Children who had a diagnosis of autistic disorder or who lived in counties with a lower percentage of white residents or greater urban density were less likely to use such medications.CONCLUSIONS-Psychotropic medication use is common among even very young children with autism spectrum disorders. Factors unrelated to clinical presentation seem highly associated with prescribing practices. Given the limited evidence base, there is an urgent need to assess the risks, There is ongoing debate regarding the role of psychotropic agents in ASD management. 2,3 Although no medications are known to address the core symptoms of ASDs, they often are prescribed as adjunctive therapy to address symptoms such as aggression, self-injurious behaviors, stereotypies, and hyperactivity. [4][5][6] Many medications have been tested with varying levels of scientific rigor, 7 but only risperidone, an atypical neuroleptic that reduces aggression and irritability, has received Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of these symptoms in individuals with ASDs. 8Medication use is common among children with ASDs and seems to be increasing. A 1995 survey found that 30% of children with ASDs were using some psychotropic medication 9 ; follow-up studies 6 years later found 46% using them. 10,11 Neuroleptic agents were most common in 2 of 3 studies, 9,11 with antidepressants the most common in the third. 10 In 2001, 21% were using >1 drug, compared with 8% in 1995. A 2005 international Internet survey found that 52% of parents reported that their children were using psychotropic drugs. 12 These studies provided important information regarding psychotropic medication use in children with ASDs, but all relied on parent report, the validity of which is unknown. With 1 exception, 12 they sampled relatively small geographic areas, and all exc...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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confidence: 97%

Psychotropic Medication Use Among Medicaid-Enrolled Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

et al. 2008

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“…Numerous research studies have indicated that ethnicity status does not influence the prevalence of ASD [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Since children from ethnically diverse backgrounds, children have low socioeconomic status, or those with lower educational levels are all underserved populations, we discuss them together as a minority group.…”

Section: Minority Students With Asdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rose et al stated that "learning is supported and facilitated by the interaction between the learner and the curriculum" (p: 19). In fact, if a teacher designs a flexible curriculum to suit individual needs, the chance of academic success is increased [11]. Accordingly, the UDL guidelines offer flexible options that can be integrated into curriculum and instruction to support all diverse students.…”

Section: Implementing Universal Design For Learning (Udl)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementing Universal Design for Learning in Classrooms with Minorities with Autism

Zehner¹,

Chen²,

Aladsani³

2017

J Childhood Devlopmental Disorders

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“…However, there are significant differences in how states define and assess children for eligibility (Conderman & Katsiyannis, 1996). The administrative prevalence of children in the "Autism" special education category varies across states, across school districts within a state, and appears to be significantly associated with education-related spending as well as availability of health-related resources Palmer, Blanchard, Jean, & Mandell, 2005). Although it appears to be more common for children with Autistic Disorder to be identified during the preschool period, many children are first identified by their local school system, not their local health care system (Yeargin-Allsopp et al, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule in the Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders in School and Community Settings

Akshoomoff

Corsello

Schmidt

2006

California School Psychol

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Autism diagnostic practices among school and clinical psychologists, particularly those using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), were examined using national survey results (N = 132). School and clinical psychologists were similar in following the Best Practice Guidelines for screening, diagnosis and assessment, School psychologists were more likely to include a school or home observation and teacher report than clinical psychologists but evaluated significantly fewer children with autism spectrum disorders per year compared to clinical psychologists. School psychologists who were ADOS users were more likely to consider themselves autism experts and include a review of records than ADOS non-users. Perceived advantages of the ADOS included its strength in capturing ASD-specific behaviors and the standardized structure provided for observation, while diagnostic discrimination and required resources were the most commonly identified disadvantages.

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School District Resources and Identification of Children With Autistic Disorder

Cited by 69 publications

References 53 publications

Psychotropic Medication Use Among Medicaid-Enrolled Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Psychotropic Medication Use Among Medicaid-Enrolled Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Implementing Universal Design for Learning in Classrooms with Minorities with Autism

The Role of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule in the Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders in School and Community Settings

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