Schrödinger’s pipeline and the outsourcing of pharmaceutical innovation

McMeekin, Peter; Lendrem, Dennis; Lendrem, B. Clare; Pratt, Arthur G.; Peck, Richard; Isaacs, John D.; Jones, David

doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.11.015

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Many companies, usually starting with the design of an original screening (virtual/target or phenotypic-based), made extensive uses of these CRO in attempts to discover new drugs while avoiding some costs. It would be out of the scope of this perspective as well as the experience of this author to try to draw conclusions on the relative success rate of this business model [186]. However, the availability of these CRO do provide the required services which would have been beyond the reach of most academics attempting to undertake a drug discovery project.…”

Section: Suggestions To Improve the Output Of Academic Drug Discovery...mentioning

confidence: 99%

On drug discovery against infectious diseases and academic medicinal chemistry contributions

Janin¹

2022

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.

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This perspective is an attempt to document the problems that medicinal chemists are facing in drug discovery. It is also trying to identify relevant/possible, research areas in which academics can have an impact and should thus be the subject of grant calls. Accordingly, it describes how hit discovery happens, how compounds to be screened are selected from available chemicals and the possible reasons for the recurrent paucity of useful/exploitable results reported. This is followed by the successful hit to lead stories leading to recent and original antibacterials which are, or about to be, used in human medicine. Then, illustrated considerations and suggestions are made on the possible inputs of academic medicinal chemists. This starts with the observation that discovering a “good” hit in the course of a screening campaign still rely on a lot of luck – which is within the reach of academics –, that the hit to lead process requires a lot of chemistry and that if public–private partnerships can be important throughout these stages, they are absolute requirements for clinical trials. Concerning suggestions to improve the current hit success rate, one academic input in organic chemistry would be to identify new and pertinent chemical space, design synthetic accesses to reach these and prepare the corresponding chemical libraries. Concerning hit to lead programs on a given target, if no new hits are available, previously reported leads along with new structural data can be pertinent starting points to design, prepare and assay original analogues. In conclusion, this text is an actual plea illustrating that, in many countries, academic research in medicinal chemistry should be more funded, especially in the therapeutic area neglected by the industry. At the least, such funds would provide the intensive to secure series of hopefully relevant chemical entities which appears to often lack when considering the results of academic as well as industrial screening campaigns.

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Section: Suggestions To Improve the Output Of Academic Drug Discovery...mentioning

confidence: 99%

On drug discovery against infectious diseases and academic medicinal chemistry contributions

Janin¹

2022

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.

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“…As of 2019, Starbucks had 346 000 employees and served coffee and tea products in 31 256 locations over 80 countries. 19 The same year, the sales of the company were USD 26.5 billion with a profit of USD 4 billion. In 2020, Starbucks was impacted by COVID-19 and closed 500 stores in the United States and 200 in Canada.…”

Section: Starbucksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multinational enterprises and intangible capital

Cadestin

Jaax

Miroudot

et al. 2021

OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers

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“…Our theoretical predictions are consistent with observations that scholars have made about drug discovery. They have argued that fueling R&D pipelines and terminating failing projects quickly (e.g., fast-fail or quick-kill strategies) are keys for pharmaceutical firms in dealing with high-level uncertainties and sustaining development (Lendrem and Lendrem 2013;McMeekin et al 2020). Unless failing projects are terminated, they clog the pipeline and add R&D costs.…”

Section: Proposition 1 Under Assumptions (A-1) and (A-2) With Non-integration All Bad Projects Are Liquidated At Datementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total number of patents granted for relevant drug research over the same sample period of 1998 to 2018 is 229 times larger than the number of NMEs, which thus far are more likely than patents to lead to revolutionary inventions. 6 The process for discovering NMEs is extremely uncertain and costly (Lendrem and Lendrem 2013;McMeekin et al 2020). Each new drug undergoes three phases of clinical trials before it is approved by the FDA for commercial sale.…”

Section: Proposition 1 Under Assumptions (A-1) and (A-2) With Non-integration All Bad Projects Are Liquidated At Datementioning

confidence: 99%

Disruptive innovation and R&D ownership structures

Guo

Huang²,

Jiang

et al. 2020

Public Choice

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This paper provides a theoretical explanation as to why breakthrough innovations seem to be possible only within capitalist economies (Kornai 2013). Specifically, our theory explains why disruptive innovations are discovered and financed by large numbers of independently owned small firms in capitalist economies rather than in socialist economies where state ownership is the only option. The key is that the ownership structure of the firm affects the ex-post selection of worthwhile discoveries, which determines the fate of disruptive innovation. Our paper also contributes to empirical work on disruptive innovation, which is missing in the literature. We use new molecular entities (NMEs) in the pharmaceutical industry as a proxy for disruptive innovation. Although pharmaceutical companies are often very large, their R&D projects greatly depend on forming alliances with much smaller independent firms. We find that the number of NMEs discovered by pharmaceutical companies is positively and significantly associated with the number of R&D alliances in which they participate. Our theory is supported by the empirical findings.

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Schrödinger’s pipeline and the outsourcing of pharmaceutical innovation

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

On drug discovery against infectious diseases and academic medicinal chemistry contributions

On drug discovery against infectious diseases and academic medicinal chemistry contributions

Multinational enterprises and intangible capital

Disruptive innovation and R&D ownership structures

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