Science, policy and the management of sewage materials. The New York City experience

Swanson, R. Lawrence; Bortman, Marci L.; O’Connor, Thomas P.; Stanford, H.

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.06.025

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…However, the economical and environmental costs of inorganic fertiliser production, together with anthropogenic waste generation, have led, in many countries, to a return to the use of processed sewage sludge instead (Commission of the European Communities, 1994; Swanson et al ., 2004). The chemical profile of sludge (Smith, 1995) reflects the mix of thousands of different environmental chemicals to which we are exposed, and its use gives rise to potentially increased exposure to, and bioaccumulation of, chemicals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of environmental pollutants on the reproduction and welfare of ruminants

Rhind¹,

Evans²,

Bellingham³

et al. 2010

Animal

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Anthropogenic pollutants comprise a wide range of synthetic organic compounds and heavy metals, which are dispersed throughout the environment, usually at low concentrations. Exposure of ruminants, as for all other animals, is unavoidable and while the levels of exposure to most chemicals are usually too low to induce any physiological effects, combinations of pollutants can act additively or synergistically to perturb multiple physiological systems at all ages but particularly in the developing foetus. In sheep, organs affected by pollutant exposure include the ovary, testis, hypothalamus and pituitary gland and bone. Reported effects of exposure include changes in organ weight and gross structure, histology and gene and protein expression but these changes are not reflected in changes in reproductive performance under the conditions tested. These results illustrate the complexity of the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds on the reproductive axis, which make it difficult to extrapolate between, or even within, species. Effects of pollutant exposure on the thyroid gland, immune, cardiovascular and obesogenic systems have not been shown explicitly, in ruminants, but work on other species suggests that these systems can also be perturbed. It is concluded that exposure to a mixture of anthropogenic pollutants has significant effects on a wide variety of physiological systems, including the reproductive system. Although this physiological insult has not yet been shown to lead to a reduction in ruminant gross performance, there are already reports indicating that anthropogenic pollutant exposure can compromise several physiological systems and may pose a significant threat to both reproductive performance and welfare in the longer term. At present, many potential mechanisms of action for individual chemicals have been identified but knowledge of factors affecting the rate of tissue exposure and of the effects of combinations of chemicals on physiological systems is poor. Nevertheless, both are vital for the identification of risks to animal productivity and welfare.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of environmental pollutants on the reproduction and welfare of ruminants

Rhind¹,

Evans²,

Bellingham³

et al. 2010

Animal

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“…The application of sewage sludge to land is likely to increase in both Europe and the United States as a dumping at sea is banned and land-fill sites become less available (Rhind et al, 2005b;Swanson et al, 2004). However, sludge contains high concentrations of many environmental pollutants including endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as alkyl phenols, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), dioxins, pesticides and toxic metals (Brunner et al, 1988;Ghanem et al, 2007;Giger et al, 1984;Stevens et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to pastures fertilised with sewage sludge disrupts bone tissue homeostasis in sheep

Lind¹,

Gustafsson²,

Hermsen³

et al. 2009

Science of The Total Environment

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The femurs of male and female sheep (Ovis aries), aged 18 months, bred on pastures fertilized twice annually with sewage sludge (2.25 tonnes dry matter/ha; Treated; T)) or on pastures treated with inorganic fertilizer (Control; C) were studied, using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) and the three-point bending test. Males were maintained on the respective treatments from conception to weaning and then maintained on control pastures while the females were maintained on the respective treatments until slaughter.T rams exhibited increased total bone mineral density (BMD) at the metaphyseal part of femur (+ 10.5%, p b 0.01) compared with C rams but had a reduced total cross sectional area IntroductionThe application of sewage sludge to land is likely to increase in both Europe and the United States as a dumping at sea is banned and land-fill sites become less available (Rhind et al., 2005b;Swanson et al., 2004). However, sludge contains high concentrations of many environmental pollutants including endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as alkyl phenols, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), dioxins, pesticides and toxic metals (Brunner et al., 1988;Ghanem et al., 2007;Giger et al., 1984;Stevens et al., 2003). Since these are known to exert adverse effects on animal and human physiology and health (IEH, 1999;Toppari et al., 1996), potential effects on wildlife, domestic animals and humans are of concern. Theoretical and empirical studies, designed to investigate the issue of accumulation of pollutants in domestic animal

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“…In 1988, US Federal government banned the ocean disposal of biosolids, and NYC needed to find alternative uses for this material. The NYC Department of Environmental Protection implemented a program to beneficially use most of the biosolids to fertilize crops and improve soil conditions for plant growth [33].…”

Section: Nutrient Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Urban Water Management Sustainability of a Megacity: Case Study of Seoul, South Korea

Kim

Son

Lee

et al. 2018

Water

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Many cities are facing various water-related challenges caused by rapid urbanization and climate change. Moreover, a megacity may pose a greater risk due to its scale and complexity for coping with impending challenges. Infrastructure and governance also differ by the level of development of a city which indicates that the analysis of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and water governance are site-specific. We examined the status of IWRM of Seoul by using the City Blueprint®Approach which consists of three different frameworks: (1) Trends and Pressures Framework (TPF), (2) City Blueprint Framework (CBF) and (3) the water Governance Capacity Framework (GCF). The TPF summarizes the main social, environmental and financial pressures that may impede water management. The CBF assesses IWRM of the urban water cycle. Finally, the GCF identifies key barriers and opportunities to develop governance capacity. The results indicate that nutrient recovery from wastewater, stormwater separation, and operation cost recovery of water and sanitation services are priority areas for Seoul. Furthermore, the local sense of urgency, behavioral internalization, consumer willingness to pay, and financial continuation are identified as barriers limiting Seoul's governance capacity. We also examined and compared the results with other mega-cities, to learn from their experiences and plans to cope with the challenges in large cities.

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Science, policy and the management of sewage materials. The New York City experience

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of environmental pollutants on the reproduction and welfare of ruminants

Effects of environmental pollutants on the reproduction and welfare of ruminants

Exposure to pastures fertilised with sewage sludge disrupts bone tissue homeostasis in sheep

Assessing Urban Water Management Sustainability of a Megacity: Case Study of Seoul, South Korea

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