Scientific Advances in Controlling Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) Infections in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)

Burnham, Andre J.

doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00079

Cited by 63 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 98 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…Some of the substances increasing immunity can be single plant-derived secondary metabolites, which when transported into nectar, can be beneficial for pollinators [ 24 ]. Other agents that might look like effective ‘bee medicines’ can be natural products such as plant extracts, essential oils and phytochemicals [ 25 ]. The following extracts have been tested to date, albeit without much success: Achillea alpina (Ledeb), Achyranthes japonica (Miq.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracts from Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. Roots: A New Hope Against Honeybee Death Caused by Nosemosis

Ptaszyńska

Załuski

2020

Molecules

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Pollinators, the cornerstones of our terrestrial ecosystem, have been at the very core of our anxiety. This is because we can nowadays observe a dangerous decline in the number of insects. With the numbers of pollinators dramatically declining worldwide, the scientific community has been growing more and more concerned about the future of insects as fundamental elements of most terrestrial ecosystems. Trying to address this issue, we looked for substances that might increase bee resistance. To this end, we checked the effects of plant-based adaptogens on honeybees in laboratory tests and during field studies on 30 honeybee colonies during two seasons. In this study, we have tested extracts obtained from: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Garcinia cambogia, Panax ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Schisandra chinensis, and Camellia sinensis. The 75% ethanol E. senticosus root extract proved to be the most effective, both as a cure and in the prophylaxis of nosemosis. Therefore, Eleutherococcus senticosus, and its active compounds, eleutherosides, are considered the most powerful adaptogens, in the pool of all extracts that were selected for screening, for supporting immunity and improving resistance of honeybees. The optimum effective concentration of 0.4 mg/mL E. senticosus extract responded to c.a. 5.76, 2.56 and 0.07 µg/mL of eleutheroside B, eleutheroside E and naringenin, respectively. The effect of E. senticosus extracts on honeybees involved a similar adaptogenic response as on other animals, including humans. In this research, we show for the first time such an adaptogenic impact on invertebrates, i.e., the effect on honeybees stressed by nosemosis. We additionally hypothesised that these adaptogenic properties were connected with eleutherosides—secondary metabolites found exclusively in the Eleutherococcus genus and undetected in other studied extracts. As was indicated in this study, eleutherosides are very stable chemically and can be found in extracts in similar amounts even after two years from extraction. Considering the role bees play in nature, we may conclude that demonstrating the adaptogenic properties which plant extracts have in insects is the most significant finding resulting from this research. This knowledge might bring to fruition numerous economic and ecological benefits.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracts from Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. Roots: A New Hope Against Honeybee Death Caused by Nosemosis

Ptaszyńska

Załuski

2020

Molecules

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confidence: 99%

“…To date, there are no compounds that can control nosemosis and be safely used in managing honeybee colonies 15 . Fumagillin, the only compound that is effective in the treatment of the disease 16 , is currently banned in Europe because of its fairly high toxicity to humans 15,17 . In addition, since benzimidazoles and nitroimidazoles have activity against microsporidia in invertebrates 18 , synthetic antibiotics such as albendazoles, ornidazoles, tinidazoles, and metronidazoles were also tested against nosemosis 19 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Bioactivity studies of porphyrinoids against microsporidia isolated from honeybees

Buczek

Trytek

Deryło

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Microsporidian infections are dangerous to honeybees due to the absence of an efficient treatment for nosemosis. in the present work, the abilities of several porphyrins to directly inactivate microsporidia derived from Nosema-infected honeybees were studied in vitro. Amide derivatives of protoporphyrin iX (ppiX) conjugated with one and two amino acid moieties were synthesized, and their activities were compared with those of two cationic porphyrins, tMepyp and ttMepp. the most active porphyrins, pp[Lys-Asp] 2 , pp[Lys-tfA] 2 , pp[Asp(ona) 2 ] 2 and pp[Lys-Lys] 2 at concentrations as low as 10-50 µM exerted significant effects on microsporidia, reducing the number of spores by 67-80% compared to the control. Live-cell imaging of the spores treated with porphyrins showed that only 1.6% and 3.0% of spores remained alive after 24 h-incubation with 50 µM PP[Asp(ONa) 2 ] 2 and pp[Lys-Asp] 2 , respectively. The length of the amino acid side chains and their identity in the PPIX molecules affected the bioactivity of the porphyrin. importantly, the irradiation of the porphyrins did not enhance their potency in destroying Nosema spores. We showed that the porphyrins accumulated inside the living spores but not inside dead spores, thus the destruction of the microsporidia by non-metallated porphyrins is not dependent on photosensitization, but is associated with their active transport into the spore cell. When administered to honeybees in vivo, ppiX[Lys-tfA] 2 and ppiX[Lys-Lys] 2 reduced spore loads by 69-76% in infected individuals. They both had no toxic effect on honeybees, in contrast to zinc-coordinated porphyrin. Microsporidia are a large group of eukaryotic obligatory intracellular parasites that form single-cell spores and can complete their life cycle only within an infected host cell. So far, ~ 1400 microsporidian species representing 200 genera have been reported 1. Microsporidia are in the kingdom Fungi, and chitin is a major component of the inner layer of their spore wall. An electron-dense outer exospore comprises the second layer of the cell wall 2-4. Microsporidia are characterized by their unique metabolism and the absence of certain elements common to eukaryotic cells, i.e., mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the classic Golgi apparatus 3-5. The interior of the spore is filled with sporoplasm and a mass of vesicular tubules, which are structurally homologous to the Golgi apparatus. Microsporidia contain a unique invasion apparatus that consists of a polar tube that coils around the sporoplasm and ends at an anchoring disc in the apical part of the spore. A polar tube is required for cell invasion, which occurs via injection of the spore content into the host cell 6. All of these features are associated with adaptation to the parasitic lifestyle 3. Microsporidia are able to survive outside a host cell but can exist only as metabolically inactive spores 7. Microsporidia cause many contagious diseases commonly known as microsporidiosis, and they can infect a wide range of organisms from invertebrates to vertebr...

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“…With the detection of the parasite N. ceranae in European honeybees [10,21], the need for research into the control of this parasite has become increasingly important. Various compounds against Nosema spp., one of which is a PPIX amide derivative, have been investigated [40,43]. PPIX is used in biotechnology research and biomedicine, especially in photodynamic therapy (PDT) [51,64].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only effective treatment for the Nosema microsporidial infections is the antibiotic fumagillin [32,36], isolated from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus [37]. Fumagillin is currently banned in Europe because it causes severe toxic side effects in human subjects, and furthermore, it has no established maximum residue limit (MRL) in honeybee products [38][39][40]. Moreover, N. ceranae has been found to become resistant to this antibiotic over time [39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Protoporphyrin Lysine Derivatives on the Ability of Nosema ceranae Spores to Infect Honeybees

Buczek

Deryło

Kutyła

et al. 2020

Insects

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The effect of two protoporphyrin IX derivatives conjugated with single (PP[Lys(TFA)-OH)]2) or double (PP[Lys(TFA)-Lys(TFA)-OH]2) lysine moieties on the infectious capacity of Nosema ceranae spores was examined, and their efficacies were compared with those of a cationic porphyrin (H2TTMePP). Honeybees were inoculated with spores preincubated with porphyrins or with untreated spores (control). A significantly lower level of infection was observed in the bees infected with the porphyrin-treated spores than in the infected control. Porphyrins 1 and 2 reduced the infectious capability of microsporidia more efficiently than porphyrin 3, with bee mortality declining to almost 50%. Confocal analysis of the midguts of infected bees revealed distinct differences in the number of spores between the control group and the group infected with PP[Lys(TFA)-Lys(TFA)-OH]2-treated spores. Notably, bees with a reduced level of infection consumed less sucrose syrup than the control bees, indicating a reduction in digestive disorders and an improvement in food absorption.

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Scientific Advances in Controlling Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) Infections in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)

Cited by 63 publications

References 98 publications

Extracts from Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. Roots: A New Hope Against Honeybee Death Caused by Nosemosis

Extracts from Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. Roots: A New Hope Against Honeybee Death Caused by Nosemosis

Bioactivity studies of porphyrinoids against microsporidia isolated from honeybees

Impact of Protoporphyrin Lysine Derivatives on the Ability of Nosema ceranae Spores to Infect Honeybees

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