Scientific evidence versus outdated beliefs: A response to Brewin (2016).

Rubin, David C.; Berntsen, Dorthe; Ogle, Christin M.; Deffler, Samantha A.; Beckham, Jean C.

doi:10.1037/abn0000211

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Besides fragmentation, our findings indicate that contextualization of trauma memories or integrating sensory-based memories into verbally accessible ones remain mostly unstudied empirically as mechanisms of change. Future research on the topic could contribute to both understanding whether the quality of traumatic memories should be a specific target of treatment and to theoretical debates about the special nature of traumatic memories and their relevance for PTSS (e.g., Brewin 2014Brewin , 2016Rubin et al 2016).…”

Section: Evidence For Different Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of change in psychological interventions for posttraumatic stress symptoms: A systematic review with recommendations

Kangaslampi

Peltonen

2019

Curr Psychol

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Psychological interventions can alleviate posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). However, further development of treatment approaches calls for understanding the mechanisms of change through which diverse interventions affect PTSS. We systematically searched the literature for controlled studies of mechanisms of change in psychological interventions for PTSS. We aimed to detect all empirically studied mechanisms and evaluate the level of evidence for their role in the alleviation of PTSS. We identified 34 studies, of which nine were among children. We found evidence for improvements in maladaptive posttraumatic cognitions as a general mechanism of change involved in diverse interventions, among both adults and children. We also found some preliminary evidence for increases in mindfulness as a mechanism of change in mindfulness-and spiritually-oriented interventions among adults. We found scant, mixed empirical evidence for other mechanisms of change. Notably, studies on changes in traumatic memories as a mechanism of change were lacking, despite clinical emphasis on their importance. A major limitation across reviewed studies was that most could not establish temporal order of changes in mechanisms and PTSS. Including thorough analyses of mechanisms of change beyond cognitions in all future trials and improving the reporting of findings would aid the development and implementation of even more effective interventions.

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Section: Evidence For Different Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of change in psychological interventions for posttraumatic stress symptoms: A systematic review with recommendations

Kangaslampi

Peltonen

2019

Curr Psychol

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“…DOI: 10.1080DOI: 10. /09658211.2017 follows the more recent findings demonstrating that those with PTSD or high levels of emotional distress have more coherent memories (i.e., Rubin, Feldman, & Beckham, 2004;Rubin et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…This was one reason for using the NaCCs as our basis for operationalizing coherence as this method is less affected by narrative length than other methods (Reese et al, 2011). However, ratings may have differed if event narratives were elicited in a different manner, such as asking soldiers to focus on the highly emotional aspects of the event (Brewin, 2016; see also Rubin et al, 2016b). This is not a limitation unique to the present study.…”

Section: Department Of Veteran Affairs 2012)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…That is, some researchers rate coherence on a more microanalytic scale, dissecting a narrative sentence by sentence or determining the highly emotional aspects of the narrative ("hot spots"), while others measure general coherence of the entire narrative. In their defense, Rubin et al (2016b) note that some of the measures used in Rubin et al (2016a) actually fit Brewin's (2016) definitions for measuring smaller aspects of the narratives (e.g., "hot spots") and still Rubin et al (2016b) found no support for less coherence in trauma memories. In short, there is disagreement in the literature as to how memory coherence is best defined and measured.…”

Section: Department Of Veteran Affairs 2012)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emotional distress and positive and negative memories from military deployment: the influence of PTSD symptoms and time

Niziurski

Johannessen

Berntsen

2017

Memory

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During military deployment, soldiers are confronted with both negative and positive events. What is remembered and how it affects an individual is influenced by not only the perceived emotion of the event, but also the emotional state of the individual. Here we examined the most negative and most positive deployment memories from a company of 337 soldiers who were deployed together to Afghanistan. We examined how the level of emotional distress of the soldiers and the valence of the memory were related to the emotional intensity, experience of reliving, rehearsal and coherence of the memories, and how the perceived impact of these memories changed over time. We found that soldiers with higher levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were more affected by both their negative and positive memories, compared with soldiers with lower levels of PTSD symptoms. Emotional intensity of the most negative memory increased over time in the group with highest levels of PTSD symptoms, but dropped in the other groups. The present study adds to the literature on emotion and autobiographical memory and how this relationship interacts with an individual's present level of emotional distress and the passage of time.

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“…Taken together, these data counter the claim that trauma memories are characterized by a lack of narrative coherence, especially in individuals with PTSD. Although Brewin (2016) challenged this conclusion, Rubin, Berntsen, Ogle, Deffler, and Beckham (2016) convincingly rebutted Brewin's critique.…”

Section: Are Traumatic Memories Fragmented and Incoherent?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieving and Modifying Traumatic Memories: Recent Research Relevant to Three Controversies

Engelhard

McNally

Schie

2019

Curr Dir Psychol Sci

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Scientific controversies in the field of human memory seldom captured the attention of anyone outside experimental psychology during its first 100 years. Yet everything changed in the years following the centennial of Ebbinghaus's (1885/1913) seminal book. How people encode, recall, and modify memories of trauma has repeatedly been a flashpoint, most notably during the bitter dispute over the authenticity of reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Although belief in repressed memories has declined among practicing clinical psychologists since the 1990s, a substantial minority (24.1%) agrees that people often repress their memories of trauma. However, only a small percentage of applied cognitive psychologists (8.6%) maintain this belief. Yet this notion seems to be resurgent among today's undergraduates, 81% of whom believe that people often repress their memories of trauma (Patihis, Ho, Tingen, Lilienfeld, & Loftus, 2014). The purpose of this article is to review recent research that is relevant to three controversies concerning memory for trauma. First, we present an interpretation of recovered memories that does not rely on the concepts of repression or false memory. Second, we consider the claim that trauma memories typically lack narrative structure and that such fragmentation fosters the emergence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Third, we discuss research designed to test the utility of eye movements in eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (Shapiro, 2018), which targets traumatic memories in PTSD. The brevity of our article prohibits covering many other topics concerning trauma and memory (e.g., involuntary memories, overgeneral autobiographical memories, neuroscientific and psychophysiological correlates of retrieving memories of trauma, longitudinal changes in memories of trauma). Controversies Concerning Memories of Trauma A nonrepression account of recovered memories According to the repression perspective, people become incapable of recalling memories of childhood sexual abuse precisely because these memories are so emotionally traumatic (Spiegel, 1997). Proponents of this view adduced 807728C DPXXX10.

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Scientific evidence versus outdated beliefs: A response to Brewin (2016).

Cited by 27 publications

References 20 publications

Mechanisms of change in psychological interventions for posttraumatic stress symptoms: A systematic review with recommendations

Mechanisms of change in psychological interventions for posttraumatic stress symptoms: A systematic review with recommendations

Emotional distress and positive and negative memories from military deployment: the influence of PTSD symptoms and time

Retrieving and Modifying Traumatic Memories: Recent Research Relevant to Three Controversies

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