Scientific issues of zinc‐bromine flow batteries and mitigation strategies

Abstract

Zinc‐bromine flow batteries (ZBFBs) are promising candidates for the large‐scale stationary energy storage application due to their inherent scalability and flexibility, low cost, green, and environmentally friendly characteristics. ZBFBs have been commercially available for several years in both grid scale and residential energy storage applications. Nevertheless, their continued development still presents challenges associated with electrodes, separators, electrolyte, as well as their operational chemistry. Therefore, rational design of these components in ZBFBs is of utmost importance to further improve the overall device performance. In this review, the focus is on the scientific understanding of the fundamental electrochemistry and functional components of ZBFBs, with an emphasis on the technical challenges of reaction chemistry, development of functional materials, and their application in ZBFBs. Current limitations of ZBFBs with future research directions in the development of high performance ZBFBs are suggested.

The role of graphene and molybdenum disulfide in rechargeable energy storage systems: Perspective and challenges

“…The Coulombic efficiency of such systems is comparatively higher. 117,118 F I G U R E 1 1 Schematic of Zn-based flow batteries. (A) Zn-Ni flow battery 123 (B) Zinc-air Flow battery Reprinted with Permission.…”

“…117 Copyright 2018, Nano Energy. (C) Zn-Br Flow battery, 118 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.…”

“…Many commercially available Zn batteries use graphene or carbon felt as an anode material. [115][116][117][118][119][120][121] Like carbonbased materials, TMDs can offer enhanced electrode surface area for passivating uniform deposition of Zn. MoS 2 has high zincophilicity and low lattice-mismatching.…”

In Situ Growth of Amorphous MnO2 on Graphite Felt via Mild Etching Engineering as a Powerful Catalyst for Advanced Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

“…With the rising demand for renewable clean energy in the global context of energy crisis and environmental pollution, large-scale energy storage technologies have been vigorously developed and applied to promote the highly efficient utilization of renewable clean energy. , Among various energy storage systems, vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) hold great advantages, including a low cost of maintenance, long-duration energy storage, decoupling control of capacity and power, and desirable safety and environmental friendliness. − Besides, VRFBs apply the same elements with different valence states of vanadium as positive and negative reaction species, which contributes to a lower cross-contamination between positive and negative electrolytes than that of other redox flow batteries, − such as zinc–iodine, , zinc–bromine, − and iron–chromium flow batteries. , In addition to the above merits, VRFBs also face a series of challenges, one of which is the insufficient activity of electrode materials. As the core component of VRFBs, the electrode materials play an important role in catalyzing the vanadium ion redox reactions, and its electrocatalytic activity has a huge impact on the energy efficiency and rate performance of VRFBs. , Thus, developing a suitable electrode material is essential to expediting the commercialization process of VRFBs.…”

Highly stable and high performance iodine redox flow batteries using host–guest interaction of (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin additive

“…Furthermore, the slow kinetics of Br 2 /Br − may induce a decrease in the performance of ZBRFBs. 34–36…”