Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for calcium

Products, Efsa Panel on Dietetic

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4101

Cited by 107 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 264 publications

(422 reference statements)

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“…ARs for energy were not calculated for adults ≥ 80 years because of a lack of anthropometric data from EU countries for this age group. Dietary fibre (g/d) (b) Total fat (E%) (a) SFA LA (E%) (b) ALA (E%) (b) EPA+DHA (mg/d) (b) DHA (mg/d) (b) TFA Age group (years) (b) +1 g/d (c) 2 nd trimester +7.2 g/d (b) +9 g/d (c) 3 rd trimester +23 g/d (b) +28 g/d (c) Lactation 0-6 mo post partum + 15 g/d (b) +19 g/d (c) >6 mo post partum + 10 g/d (b) +13 g/d (c) Calcium is an integral component of the skeleton; approximately 99% of total body calcium is found in bones and teeth as calcium hydroxyapatite, where it has a structural role (EFSA NDA Panel, 2015g). The remaining 1% of calcium found in the body acts as an essential intracellular messenger in cells and tissues.…”

Section: Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Reference Values for nutrients Summary report

2017

EFS3

382

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Dietary reference values (DRVs) is an umbrella term for the complete set of nutrient reference values which include population reference intakes (PRIs), the average requirements (ARs), adequate intakes (AIs) and reference intake (RIs) ranges for macronutrients. These values indicate the amount of a nutrient which must be consumed on a regular basis to maintain health in an otherwise healthy individual (or population). In 2005, the European Commission asked EFSA to review the advice of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) dated 1993 on DRVs for the European population, to ensure that Community action in the area of nutrition was underpinned by the latest scientific evidence. The task was entrusted to the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). The Panel set the foundations for this task in an inaugural opinion published in 2010, which addressed the general principles for deriving and applying DRVs. A total of 32 scientific opinions were then published over 7 years, covering water, fats, carbohydrates and dietary fibre, protein, energy, as well as 14 vitamins and 13 minerals. This summary report brings together the summaries of the individual opinions, together with synthetic tables and annexes. It provides an overview of the outcome of EFSA's scientific deliberations for easy reference by end-users. This report is not meant to replace the original opinions. For the detailed reasoning behind individual values, the reader is invited to consult the full opinions.

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Section: Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Reference Values for nutrients Summary report

2017

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382

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“…The maximum intake of calcium resulting from the intake assessment is negligible both compared to the DRV for infants aged 7-11 months (280 mg/day; EFSA NDA Panel, 2015) and to the maximum amount of calcium permitted in infant and follow-on formula (33.5 mg/100 kJ; Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/127).…”

Section: Nutritional Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium l‐methylfolate as a source of folate added for nutritional purposes to infant and follow‐on formula, baby food and processed cereal‐based food

Turck¹,

Castenmiller²,

Henauw³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the extension of use of calcium L-methylfolate to be used as a source of folate added for nutritional purposes to infant and follow-on formula, baby food and processed cereal-based food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 609/2013. In 2004, EFSA assessed the use of calcium L-methylfolate as a source of folate in foods for particular nutritional uses, food supplements and foods intended for the general population. The new alternative synthetic step proposed to produce the nutrient source, using platinum as a catalyst, did not raise any safety concern and the production process was found to consistently yield a product in line with the proposed specifications. Based on the studies assessed in the previous evaluation, it was concluded that calcium L-methylfolate is non-genotoxic and that subchronic and embryotoxicity/teratogenicity studies in rats did not reveal any adverse effects up to the highest doses tested. The Panel considered that no additional toxicological studies are required on the nutrient source. The intervention study in healthy infants provided by the applicant did not indicate differences in growth and tolerance parameters in infants who consumed either an infant formula supplemented with calcium L-methylfolate or with folic acid, and did not raise concerns regarding safety or tolerability of the infant formula with the proposed nutrient source. The study also provided further supporting evidence for the bioavailability of calcium L-methylfolate. The Panel considers that calcium L-methylfolate is a source from which folate is bioavailable and concludes that calcium L-methylfolate is safe under the proposed uses and use levels for infants and young children. A and Knutsen HK, 2020. Scientific Opinion on calcium L-methylfolate as a source of folate added for nutritional purposes to infant and follow-on formula, baby food and processed cerealbased food.

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“…The Panel notes that, while the majority (99 %) of body calcium is in bone (EFSA NDA Panel, 2015), about 15 % of body phosphorus is outside bone as a key functional component in other tissues (14 %) and extracellular fluid (1 %) (Section 2.3.3). Thus, using the calcium to phosphorus molar ratio in bone of 1.6:1 to 1.8:1 and adjusting for the amount of phosphorus outside bone, a molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the adult body of about 1.37:1 to 1.55:1 (1.6:1 divided by 0.99:0.85 to 1.8:1 divided by 0.99:0.85) may be estimated.…”

Section: Distribution To Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The below calculations are based on the AI (for infants aged 7-11 months) and the PRIs (for all other ages) for calcium (EFSA NDA Panel, 2015), as well as on atomic masses for calcium of 40.08, and of 30.97 for phosphorus. A molar ratio of 1.4:1 to 1.9:1 was used (Sections 2.3.7 and 6.1).…”

Section: Appendicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for phosphorus

Products¹

2015

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for phosphorus. The Panel considered data from balance studies, losses of phosphorus from the body and intestinal absorption for possible use in a factorial approach, and studies on phosphorus intake and long-term health outcomes. The Panel concluded that these data were insufficient for setting DRVs for phosphorus. Data on the calcium to phosphorus ratio in bones of healthy adults, adjusted for the proportion of phosphorus found outside bone, and data on whole-body calcium and phosphorus contents in Caucasian adults indicate that the calcium to phosphorus molar ratio in the body ranges from 1.4:1 to 1.9:1. Although the fractional absorption of phosphorus is higher than that of calcium, the Panel considered that the actual amounts of calcium and phosphorus that are available for absorption from the diet cannot be determined; therefore, the whole-body calcium to phosphorus ratio was used to set DRVs. The data were considered insufficient to derive Average Requirements and Population Reference Intakes. Based on the DRVs for calcium and considering a molar calcium to phosphorus ratio of 1.4:1 to 1.9:1, amounts of phosphorus were calculated. The Panel chose the lower bound of this range (a ratio of 1.4:1, which results in a higher phosphorus intake value) for setting an Adequate Intake (AI), taking into account estimated phosphorus intakes in Western countries, which are considerably higher than the values calculated. The AI is 160 mg/day for infants (7-11 months) and between 250 and 640 mg/day for children. For adults, the AI is 550 mg/day. Taking into consideration adaptive changes in phosphorus metabolism that occur during pregnancy and lactation, it was considered that the AI for adults also applies to pregnant and lactating women. Phosphorus is involved in many physiological processes, such as in the cell's energy cycle, in regulation of the body's acid-base balance, as a component of the cell structure, in cell regulation and signalling, and in the mineralisation of bones and teeth. About 85 % of the body's phosphorus is in bones and teeth, 14 % is in soft tissues, including muscle, liver, heart and kidney, and only 1 % is present in extracellular fluids. Phosphorus homeostasis is intricately linked to that of calcium because of the actions of calcium-regulating hormones, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D), at the level of the bone, the gut and the kidneys. © EuropeanPhosphorus absorption occurs through passive diffusion and sodium-dependent active transport and via paracellular and cellular pathways. In adults, limited data suggest that net phosphorus absorption ranges from 55 to 80 % of intake. Phosphorus absorption is affected by the total amount of phosphorus in the diet and also by the type of phosphorus (organic versus inorganic), the food origin (animalversus plant-derived) and the ratio of phosphorus to oth...

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Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for calcium

Cited by 107 publications

References 264 publications

Dietary Reference Values for nutrients Summary report

Dietary Reference Values for nutrients Summary report

Calcium l‐methylfolate as a source of folate added for nutritional purposes to infant and follow‐on formula, baby food and processed cereal‐based food

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for phosphorus

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