Scientific Opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish - Emerging toxins: Brevetoxin group

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doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1677

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Since 2008, the CONTAM Panel adopted a series of opinions on the safety of marine biotoxins (EFSA, 2008a(EFSA, -c, 2009aEFSA CONTAM Panel 2009, 2010a. In all these opinions, in order to assess the exposure, the CONTAM Panel used 400 g as a standard for a large portion of shellfish meat consumed in Europe.…”

Section: Consumption Of Marine Bivalvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks for public health related to the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and TTX analogues in marine bivalves and gastropods

Knutsen¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues are produced by marine bacteria and have been detected in marine bivalves and gastropods from European waters. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of TTX and TTX analogues in marine bivalves and gastropods. The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain reviewed the available literature but did not find support for the minimum lethal dose for humans of 2 mg, mentioned in various reviews. Some human case reports describe serious effects at a dose of 0.2 mg, corresponding to 4 lg/kg body weight (bw). However, the uncertainties on the actual exposure in the studies preclude their use for derivation of an acute reference dose (ARfD). Instead, a group ARfD of 0.25 lg/kg bw, applying to TTX and its analogues, was derived based on a TTX dose of 25 lg/kg bw at which no apathy was observed in an acute oral study with mice, applying a standard uncertainty factor of 100. Estimated relative potencies for analogues are lower than that of TTX but are associated with a high degree of uncertainty. Based on the occurrence data submitted to EFSA and reported consumption days only, average and P95 exposures of 0.00-0.09 and 0.00-0.03 lg/kg bw, respectively, were calculated. Using a large portion size of 400 g bivalves and P95 occurrence levels of TTX, with exception of oysters, the exposure was below the group ARfD in all consumer groups. A concentration below 44 lg TTX equivalents/kg shellfish meat, based on a large portion size of 400 g, was considered not to result in adverse effects in humans. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) methods are the most suitable for identification and quantification of TTX and its analogues, with LOQs between 1 and 25 lg/kg.

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Section: Consumption Of Marine Bivalvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks for public health related to the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and TTX analogues in marine bivalves and gastropods

Knutsen¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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“…Using 12 oysters in the calculation (threshold causing symptoms in a small proportion of people), and assuming a weight of 10 g per oyster, Gessner (2000) [51] provided an estimate of the toxic dose leading to mild symptoms ranging between 42 and 72 MU/person. This value is used in some reviews [2,52,53] but is very uncertain (see below).…”

Section: Detailed Cases Of Nsp Available In the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Paresthesia: abnormal sensation, whether spontaneous or evoked, that is not unpleasant (according to the International Association for the Study of Pain, IASP) (e.g., numbness or painless tingling or stinging sensation). 2 Dysesthesia: abnormal sensation, whether spontaneous or evoked, that is unpleasant or painful (according to the IASP) (e.g., burning, pricking sensation, painful tingling). 3 Myalgia: muscle pain.…”

Section: Hazard Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brevetoxins (BTXs) are a group of lipophilic marine biotoxins mainly produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, which forms harmful algal blooms known as red tides. BTXs can accumulate in shellfish, fish and other marine organisms, and be aerosolized from marine waters [1][2][3]. More than 70 analogues and metabolites of BTXs have been reported, most of them are issued from their metabolism in shellfish [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Guidance Level for Brevetoxins in French Shellfish

et al. 2021

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Brevetoxins (BTXs) are marine biotoxins responsible for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) after ingestion of contaminated shellfish. NSP is characterized by neurological, gastrointestinal and/or cardiovascular symptoms. The main known producer of BTXs is the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, but other microalgae are also suspected to synthesize BTX-like compounds. BTXs are currently not regulated in France and in Europe. In November 2018, they have been detected for the first time in France in mussels from a lagoon in the Corsica Island (Mediterranean Sea), as part of the network for monitoring the emergence of marine biotoxins in shellfish. To prevent health risks associated with the consumption of shellfish contaminated with BTXs in France, a working group was set up by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses). One of the aims of this working group was to propose a guidance level for the presence of BTXs in shellfish. Toxicological data were too limited to derive an acute oral reference dose (ARfD). Based on human case reports, we identified two lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs). A guidance level of 180 µg BTX-3 eq./kg shellfish meat is proposed, considering a protective default portion size of 400 g shellfish meat.

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“…The regulated lipophilic toxins are associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) whereas the unregulated ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), cyclic imines (CIs), and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) are considered emerging toxins. CFP toxins and CIs have been reported in fish and shellfish from EU waters while NSP toxins have not been reported [2,3,4,5]. Regulatory limits have been set for some groups of marine biotoxins according to European Union legislation in order to protect consumers and producers (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Marine Biotoxins in Seafood from European Coasts: Incidence and Analytical Challenges

Estevez

Castro

Pequeño-Valtierra

et al. 2019

Foods

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The presence of emerging contaminants in food and the sources of the contamination are relevant issues in food safety. The impact of climate change on these contaminations is a topic widely debated; however, the consequences of climate change for the food system is not as deeply studied as other human and animal health and welfare issues. Projections of climate change in Europe have been evaluated through the EU Commission, and the impact on the marine environment is considered a priority issue. Marine biotoxins are produced by toxic microalgae and are natural contaminants of the marine environment. They are considered to be an important contaminant that needs to be evaluated. Their source is affected by oceanographic and environmental conditions; water temperature, sunlight, salinity, competing microorganisms, nutrients, and wind and current directions affect the growth and proliferation of microalgae. Although climate change should not be the only reason for this increase and other factors such as eutrophication, tourism, fishery activities, etc. could be considered, the influence of climate change has been observed through increased growth of dinoflagellates in areas where they have not been previously detected. An example of this is the recent emergence of ciguatera fish poisoning toxins, typically found in tropical or subtropical areas from the Pacific and Caribbean and in certain areas of the Atlantic Sea such as the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). In addition, the recent findings of the presence of tetrodotoxins, typically found in certain areas of the Pacific, are emerging in the EU and contaminating not only the fish species where these toxins had been found before but also bivalve mollusks. The emergence of these marine biotoxins in the EU is a reason for concern in the EU, and for this reason, the risk evaluation and characterization of these toxins are considered a priority for the European Food Safety Authorities (EFSA), which also emphasize the search for occurrence data using reliable and efficient analytical methods.

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Scientific Opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish - Emerging toxins: Brevetoxin group

Cited by 32 publications

References 79 publications

Risks for public health related to the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and TTX analogues in marine bivalves and gastropods

Risks for public health related to the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and TTX analogues in marine bivalves and gastropods

Guidance Level for Brevetoxins in French Shellfish

Emerging Marine Biotoxins in Seafood from European Coasts: Incidence and Analytical Challenges

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