"Scientific" Racism Again?

Comas, Juan

doi:10.1086/200208

Cited by 70 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Starting toward the end of the 18th century, psychological researchers set out to identify "natural" differences between systemically marginalized and privileged groups of people. From phrenology to intelligence quotient (IQ) tests, psychology's pseudo-scientific contributions to efforts aimed at reifying biological deficits among systemically marginalized individuals are unmistakable (see André, 2018;Bergler, 1956; Center for the History of Psychology, 2021; Comas, 1961;Durrheim & Dixon, 2000;Lawler, 1978;Richards, 2003). These efforts served as "intellectual justification" for segregation and other forms of discrimination against Black, Brown, and Native people throughout the Western World, as well as the creation of concentration camps for "geneticallyinferior" Jews and Roma, the Rwandan genocide, the pathologizing of homosexuality, underinvestment in low-income communities, and many other dehumanizing acts over the last two centuries.…”

Section: The Deficit-based Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ongoing Development of Strength-Based Approaches to People Who Hold Systemically Marginalized Identities

Silverman

Rosario

Hernandez

et al. 2023

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

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Academic Abstract Personality and social psychology have historically viewed individuals’ systemically marginalized identities (e.g., as people of color, as coming from a lower-income background) as barriers to their success. Such a deficit-based perspective limits psychological science by overlooking the broader experiences, value, perspectives, and strengths that individuals who face systemic marginalization often bring to their societies. The current article aims to support future research in incorporating a strength-based lens through tracing psychology’s journey away from an emphasis on deficits among people who contend with systemic marginalization and toward three distinct strength-based approaches: the universal strengths, difference-as-strength, and identity-specific strengths approaches. Through distinguishing between each approach, we advance scholarship that aims to understand systemically marginalized identities with corresponding implications for addressing inequality. Strength-based approaches guide the field to recognize the imposed limitations of deficit-based ideologies and advance opportunities to engage in research that effectively understands and values systemically marginalized people. Public Abstract Inequalities, including those between people from higher- and lower-income backgrounds, are present across society. From schools to workplaces, hospitals to courtrooms, people who come from backgrounds that are marginalized by society often face more negative outcomes than people from more privileged backgrounds. While such inequalities are often blamed on a lack of hard work or other issues within marginalized people themselves, scientific research increasingly demonstrates that this is not the case. Rather, studies consistently find that people’s identities as coming from groups that face marginalization in society often serve as a valuable source of unique strengths, not deficiencies, that can help them succeed. Our article reviews these studies to examine how future research in psychology may gain a broader understanding of people who contend with marginalization. In doing so, we outline opportunities for psychological research to effectively support efforts to address persistent inequalities.

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Section: The Deficit-based Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ongoing Development of Strength-Based Approaches to People Who Hold Systemically Marginalized Identities

Silverman

Rosario

Hernandez

et al. 2023

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

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“…18 The body-centred or colourcoded racial theory of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, most clearly manifested in the persistence of anti-Black racism, defined race by reference to physical differences. 19 However, discussions of 'cultural racism' underline that racism not only defines and attempts to legitimise an ideology of race/ism regarding biological characteristics but also essentialises religious-cultural differences and involves a notion of cultural superiority or inferiority. 20 In claiming that religion can be raced, recent scholarship on racism underscores the historical relationship between racism, culture and religion.…”

Section: Racism Religion and The Politics Of Deathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sectarianism as racism: the collective punishment of Alevi communities in Turkey

Yonucu

2023

Race & Class

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Drawing on the case of state-sanctioned violence and discrimination against Alevis, a historically stigmatised and persecuted ethnosectarian community in Turkey, this article shows that sectarian identities can also be raced. The case of Alevis in Turkey not only indicates how sectarianism can function as a form of racism but also offers an example of the connection between the production of race and the politics of death. Approaching racism as a punitive mechanism and form of collective punishment that punishes racialised communities at different levels and that constantly reminds them of the possibility of what Gilmore terms ‘premature death’, the article offers a new and nuanced understanding of the multiple modalities of racism in Turkey. Rather than viewing racism in Turkey as merely an imitative form of European racism, this article shows that racism in Turkey is also informed by the country’s own imperial past. Turkey provides fertile ground for examining both western and non-western forms of racism and the intersections between the two.

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“…3 In his written work, as well as in the voice-overs he wrote for his films, de Wavrin was likewise constrained by the structures and language usage of his time, for example describing people as "sauvages" (savages; de Wavrin 1926, 18), "tr es sauvages" (very wild; 1926, 18), "d eg en er es physiquement" (physically degenerate) and "sales" (dirty; 1953, 221). This use of common language has to be read against the backdrop of the early 20th century, when "scientific" racism, occupied in collecting data from anthropology, biology and psychology to support theories about "superior" and "inferior" races (Comas 1961), 4 was at its height. For example, people were exhibited in "Human Zoos"-which became banned in Belgium only in 1958.…”

Section: Toward the Portrayal Of Daily Life In South Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Life and Work of Marquis Robert de Wavrin, an Early Visual Anthropologist

Moderbacher

Winter²

2020

Visual Anthropology

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This article traces the life and work of Marquis Robert de Wavrin de Villers au Tertre (1888-1971), a Belgian explorer and ethnographer. While fragments of his oeuvre are familiar to scholars of South America, he is almost completely unknown in historical studies, and largely forgotten within anthropology too. Here we will explore his filmic work as well as its contribution to the history of visual anthropology. While de Wavrin's work cannot be divorced from the discipline's colonial and Eurocentric heritage, we show that his visual record provides notable historic insights and merits further scholarly attention. DE WAVRIN'S EARLY LIFE Born in 1888 into a noble family, the Marquis Robert de Wavrin spent his childhood in Ronsele, a village in Flanders. Following home-schooling and secondary school in Namur, he studied natural science for two years at Ghent University. Little else is known about his early life, and he appears in official documents for the first time only in 1913. The young de Wavrin, then 25 years old, had shot a pellet gun at two children attempting to steal hazelnuts in the orchard on his family's estate. The prosecutor argued that the nobility's CHRISTINE MODERBACHER is an anthropologist and documentary filmmaker (MA in visual anthropology from the University of Manchester).

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"Scientific" Racism Again?

Cited by 70 publications

References 41 publications

The Ongoing Development of Strength-Based Approaches to People Who Hold Systemically Marginalized Identities

The Ongoing Development of Strength-Based Approaches to People Who Hold Systemically Marginalized Identities

Sectarianism as racism: the collective punishment of Alevi communities in Turkey

The Life and Work of Marquis Robert de Wavrin, an Early Visual Anthropologist

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